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XPS SPECTRA
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Accuracy Limits – LiF as example
Anatomy / Features of Chemical State Spectra
Anatomy / Features of Survey Spectra
Chemical State Peak-fits – Examples
Chemical State Spectra – Overlays
Flood Gun Effect on Native Oxides
Free XPS Spectra – ISO 14976
FWHM for Peak-fitting Chemical Compounds
Gas Phase XPS
Ion Etched Elements – Capture UHV Gases
Literature Spectra (Reference Spectra)
Multiplet Splitting – Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu
Native Oxides – Examples
Native Oxide Spectra – BEs of C (1s) ?
Polymer Spectra
Pure Element Spectra – Principal Signals
Pure Element Spectra – Survey Scans
Pure Element Spectra – Survey Scans + Labels
Rare Earth Metals – Principle Signals
Sources of Spectra and Data-File Formats
Thermo K-Alpha XPS
Survey Spectra – Examples
Valence Band Spectra – Elements
Valence Band – Examples
Auger Spectra – Examples
Background
Atom% & Shake-up
Background Endpoints
Background – Active Fitting
Background Subtraction-Removal
Background Width
Comparison of Background Types
Endpoint Averaging
Extrinsic Background
High BE Endpoint
Insulator Band Gap
Intrinsic Signal
Linear Background
Sherwood & Proctor Background
Shirley Background
Tougaard Background
Vegh Castle Salvi Background
BE Calibration
*** BE CALIBRATION – RULES
BE Calibration Values
BE Calibration – History
BE Reliability Problem
Calibration Checks – Validation
Calibration Metals
Deposited Gold
Fermi Edge
International BE Calibration – IXIR
Ion Etching – Ag, Au, Cu
ISO BE Standards
Publishing XPS Data
SCE Values
X-ray Energies
BE Tables
BE Table – Atomic # Order
Chemical State Identification – AgCl -ZrO2
Crist Table of BEs & FWHMs
Histogram Plots of NIST BEs
Periodic Table of Principal BEs
Summaries of NIST BEs
Charging
Adventitious Carbon
Charge Compensation
Charge Compensation – M. Biesinger
Charge Control
Charge-Control Mesh-Screen
Charge Referencing
Charge Correction – M. Beisinger
Charge Referencing Problems
Deposited Gold
Differential Charging
Flood Gun Optimization & Alignment
Peak-Shapes (charging)
Chemical States
Adventitious Carbon
Assigning Chemical States
BE Lookup Table
Charge Referencing
Chemical Shifts
Chemical State Definition
Chemical State Identification Tables – Ag to Zr
Chemical State Spectra
Crist Table of BEs & FWHMs
Deposited Gold
Energy Resolution – 2
From Auger Signals
From Survey Spectra
Hydrocarbon Carbon (not calibration)
Multiplet Splitting and BE Shifts
Multiplet Splitting
Overlaid Spectra – Examples
Overlapping Peaks
Pass Energies: 5-300 eV
Spin-Orbit Coupling
Data
Bad Data
Bad Peak-fit Example
Bad Survey Spectra
Cheat-Sheet
Data Collection Settings
Data File Formats
Data Processing Steps
Data Quality
Extending Spectrum Range Benefits
Publishing XPS Data
Statistics
XPS Detection Limit
Data Quality
**BE CALIBRATION – RULES
**Peak-Fitting – Facts, Rules & Guides
Accuracy
Bad Peak-fits
BE Scale Calibration
Chemical State Assignments
Energy Resolution (PE)
FWHMs – Peak-widths
GI-GO ?
Peak-fitting Results
Precision
RELIABILITY
Reliable BEs ?
Reliable Peak-fits ?
Repeatability
Reproducibility
Responsible
Signal-to-Noise (S/N)
Features
Asymmetric tail
Auger Signals
Background baseline
Background bulge
Background noise
Background shapes for peak-fitting
Band Gaps from Spectra
Charging artifact
Chemical shift
Chemical state
Degradation
Energy loss peak
Fermi edge
Gaussian Lorentzian Peak-shapes
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Losses
Multiplet splitting
Noise
Overlapping peaks
Peak-shapes (G, L, V)
Plasmon loss peaks
Plasmon or Shake-up – Which?
Satellite Peaks?
Shake-up peaks
Spin-Orbit coupling
Trace level signals
Voigt Peak-shape
FWHM Info
Core-Hole Lifetimes
Energy Resolution
FWHM for Peak-fitting Chemical Compounds
FWHM for Pure Metals – Mono and Non-Mono
FWHM vs Pass Energy
FWHM = Peak-width = Core-Hole Lifetime
Gaussian-Lorentzian Ratios
Natural FWHM
Pass Energies: 5-300 eV
Peak-Shapes (G, L, V)
Peak-Shape Tails
Peak-Shape Fit Example
s, p, d, f Peak-widths
X-ray Energies
Peak-fit Models
*Peak-Fit Review Service – Free
Asymmetry – Al (2p) metal
Background Types
Endpoints & Averaging
Linear Background
Shirley Background
Tougaard Background
Vegh Background
Bad vs Good Peak-fits Explained
Bad Peak-fits Published in Journals– Explained
Bad Peak-fitting Example – Ni (2p3)
Complex Peak-fits Explained
Gaussian Lorentzian Models
Multiplet Splitting – 3s – orbitals
Multiplet Splitting – 2p – Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu
Multiplet Splitting – Rare Earths
Multiplet Splitting Calculated by P. Bagus
Noisy Data – Coal
Noisy Data – Ni metal
Overlapping Doublets – Sulfur
Peak Base and Top
Peak-Shapes (G, L, V)
Peak-Shapes – Example #1
Peak-fitting a Single O (1s) Peak
Peak Area Ratios – PET C (1s)
Pt overlaps Al – ratios
Pure Single Crystal – CaCO3 (Calcite)
Sb overlaps O – ratios
Shake-up – Metals
Shake-up – Organics
Smoothing – Bad vs OK
Super Coster-Kronig Effect
Synthetic Peaks
Too Many Peaks – O (1s) – native SiOx
Vibrational Bands – PE & PP
Which Peak-fit is Bad or Good ??
Peak-fitting
**Peak-fitting – Facts, Rules & Guides
**Peak-fitting a Single O (1s) Peak – Easy!
**Peak-fitting MOVIES
**Plot Examples
Abbe Criterion
Advanced Peak-fitting Examples
Background Endpoints
Background Shapes for Peak-fitting
Bad Peak-fits Explained
BEs & FWHMs – Tables
Bubble Chart for Peak-fitting
Chemical State Spectra Peak-fits – Examples
Chi-Squared
Constrained Peak-fit
Curve-fitting = Peak-fitting
Energy Resolution – 2
FWHM Peak-width vs Pass Energy
Gaussian-Lorentzian Ratios
Multiplet Splitting
Overlapping Peaks
Pass Energies: 5-300 eV
Peak Area vs Background Endpoints
Peak-fit Quality
Peak-fitting Flow-Chart
Peak-fitting Guides
Peak-fitting Process – Examples
Peak-fitting Variables
Peak-Shapes (G, L, V)
Shirley Background
Simple Peak-fit Examples
Tougaard Backgound
Quantification %s
*Accuracy Limits – LiF as example
*Quantification – Atom%s
Atom% gives Empirical Formula
Background
Calculated IMFPs, Scattering & Photoemission
EAL – Effective Attenuation Length
IMFP – Metal vs Metal Oxide
Integration Endpoints
Linear Background
Shirley Background
Tougaard Background
XPS Detection Limits
Sample
Beam Alignment
Chemical Suppliers
Contamination
In-Situ Treatments
Ion Beam Etching
Ion Etching Variables
Ion Etch Rate Films
Photos of Samples
Reference Materials
Sample “specimen” Handling
Sample History
Sample Preparation Bench
Sample Preparation Methods
Sample Preparation Equipment
Sample Size, Shape & Form
Sample Storage
Suppliers – Single Xtals, Nano, 2D, Perovskites, Graphene
2D Materials Suppliers
Graphene Materials
NanoParticle Suppliers
Perovskite Suppliers
Single Crystal Suppliers
X-ray Beam Size
Software
*Spectra Data Processor – 1 yr free license
SDP v7 – Training Videos
AAnalyzer
Avantage
CasaXPS
ComPro
ESCApe
Multi-Pak
MultiQuant
Quases
Sessa
TPP-2M IMFP Calculator
Unifit
Free Software
XPS Labs
*XPS Labs around the World
Contract Labs having XPS
Industrial Labs having XPS
National Labs having XPS
Synchrotron Labs having XPS
University Labs having XPS
XPS Basics
Advantages of XPS
Basic Principles – PHI Handbook
Common Difficulties
Data Collection Settings
Data Processing Steps
Limits & Weaknesses
Physics of XPS
Wikipedia – XPS
XPS Detection Limits
Advanced XPS
Charge Referencing
AR-XPS
Auger Parameter
Bagus Papers
Advanced Interpretation of XPS
Band Gaps
Capture of UHV Gases
Circular Dichroism in XPS
Depth Profiling
Electron Configuration – Orbitals
Electronic State Info
Environmental XPS
Experimental Details
Excited States
Final & Initial States
HAXPES
IMFP & AL
Imaging – Mapping
Initial & Final States
Ion Etch Rate Films
Ion Etch Rate Tables
Laser-XPS
One Electron Approximation
Photoelectron BE Diagrams
Photoemission Process
Quantification – Atom%s
Quantum Mechanics of XPS
Scattering Effects
Spin-Orbit Coupling
Tesla Coil Irradiation Effects
Thickness Estimates
TPP-2M and IMFPs
Transmission Function
Work Functions of Elements
XPS Theory
X-ray Data Booklet – LBL – PDF
Application Notes
Common Applications
EAG Application Notes
Kratos Application Notes
Surface Science Western
Thermo Application Notes
Ulvac-PHI Application Notes
XPS International Application Notes
Degradation
Degradation of Polymers
Degradation due to Flood Gun Electrons
Degradation due to Ar+ Ion Etching
Degradation due to X-ray Flux
Experts
Consultants
Legal Witness
Information Depth
XPS vs Auger Information Depth
XPS vs SEM-EDS Information Depth
XPS vs ToF-SIMS Information Depth
Instrument
Inside View – Analysis Chamber
Instrument Buying Guide
Instrument Components & Accessories
Instrument Design
Instrument Geometries
Instrument Makers
Instrument Service
Operating Conditions
Performance vs Specification
Sample Mounts
Synchrotrons for XPS
Transmission Function
Troubleshooting
X-ray Beam Alignment
X-ray Sources
Journals
Experimental Details to Publish
Journal Editors
XPS Books
XPS Journals
Makers
Instrument Makers
NIST
*Publishing XPS Data
*XPS BEs – On-line Database – NIST
Histogram Plots of NIST BEs
Review of NIST XPS BEs
SRD 64 Electron Elastic Scattering
SRD 71 Electron IMFP Database
SRD 82 Electron EAL Database
Summaries of BE Tables – NIST
Wagner Book of XPS BEs (NIST)
XPS Information from NIST
Posters
Drawings & Schematics
Flowcharts & Guides
Graphs & Charts
Instrument Details & Adjustments
Interactive Visualizations
Physics & Theory
Sample Degradation
Spectra Examples
Tables & Guides
Wall Charts & Wall Posters
σ, SF, ASF, & RSF
*Quantification – Atom%s
*Table of Scofield σ, (RSFs)
Beisinger SFs – Wagner e-ASFs variation
Crist Inflection-Point SFs – Scofield variation
Kratos SFs – 1990 – Scofield
Plots Comparing SFs
Plots of Ulvac PHI e-ASFs
Scofield SFs – Al X-rays – Theoretical
Scofield SFs – Al X-rays – Crist Modified
Scofield SFs – Al X-rays – Thermo Modified
Thermo SFs – Scofield RSFs
Test of Scofield SFs
Ulvac-PHI e-ASFs – March 2002 – Wagner
Ulvac-PHI e-ASFs – Wagner variation
Wagner’s Original e-ASFs
Wagner e-ASFs – Al X-rays – MultiPak
Wagner e-ASFs – Al X-rays – PHI – Omni-5
Wagner e-ASFs – F (1s)=1.0 vs C (1s)=1.0
Spectra-Bases #1
XPS (.SDP format) 7304 data-sets pwp
XPS (.VMS, .ISO, .TXT) 3177 data-sets pwp
XPS (.VGD) 7113 data-sets pwp
AES (.SDP, .NPL, .VMS) 2281 data-sets pwp
Spectra-Bases #2
Binary Oxides, 46 MB (*.sdp)
Carbon KLL Auger, 2 MB (*.sdp)
Chemical State Groups, 1 GB (*.vgd)
Flood Gun ON – Native Oxides, 1 MB (plots)
Handbook Series, 34 MB (*.iso, *.vms)
HER Auger Spectra, 12 MB (*.sdp)
Industrial Goods, 67 MB (*.vgd)
Miscellaneous, 60 MB (*.txt)
Native Oxides, 16 MB, FG OFF (*.vgd)
Native Oxides FG ON-OFF, 5 MB (*.sdp)
NECSA-Bio Polymers, 2 MB (*.mrs)
Original S-Probe, 90 MB (*.mrs)
PHI Handbook Spectra, 6 MB (*.spe)
Polymers, 46 MB (*.sdp)
Rare Earth Materials, 36 MB (*.vgd)
S-Probe, 200 MB (*.mrs, ASCII)
Single Crystals, 240 MB (*.vgd)
TXL IP-eSF, 340 MB (*.vgd)
UHV Gas Capture, 1 MB (3D plots)
Valence Band, 3 MB (*.txt, *.sdp)
VG Eclipse Database, 9 MB (*.dts)
X-ray Degradation of Polymers, 1 MB (*.sdp)
XPS Simplified, 14 MB (*.vgd)
Spectra Handbooks
Crist – Vol 1 – The Elements & Native Oxides
Crist – Vol 2 – Commercially Pure Metal Oxides
Crist – Vol 3 – Semiconductors
Crist – Vol 4 – Polymers
Crist – Vol 5 – RE Oxides, Carbonates, Hydroxides, Sulfides, Nitrides…
JEOL – Handbook of Spectra – Elements
Kratos – Polymers – PDF
PHI – Handbook of Spectra – Elements
Photos of XPS Handbooks
SurfaceSpectra – Polymers PDF
Wiley – Vol 1-3 -of Monochromatic XPS Spectra
Sponsors
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Donation Please – Cart – Checkout
Future for XPS Instrument Sales
Landing Page
Logo’s of Advertisers
Standards
AFNOR Standards
ASTM Standards
BAM Standards
BSI Standards
CSA Standards
DIN Standards
GOST-R & RuStandards
ISO Standards
JIS Standards
KSA Standards
Publishing XPS Data
SiS Standards
Surface Chemistry
Adventitious Carbon
Anti-Static, Anti-Caking
Capture of UHV Gases
Carbonates from CO2
Catalyst Surface
Clean Surface
Chemical Treatments
Contamination
Corrosion
Creeping Lubricants
Deposition Methods
Gas Treatments
Heat Treatments
Ion Etching
Hydroxides from Oxides
Lifetime of Clean Surfaces
Lubricants
Natural Oxidation
Oxidation Treatments
PDMS – Silicone Oil
Plasma Treatments
Sticking Coefficients of Gases
Sulfides from H2S (air)
Surface Chemical Reaction
Surface Contaminants
Surface Photo-Chemistry
Surface Reactivity
Tesla Coil Irradiation
Training
AVS Training Courses
Instrument Training
Instrument Training by Maker
Professional Teachers
Kateryna Artyushova
C. Richard Brundle
John T. Grant
Sven Tougaard
PPT / PDF Presentations
Software Operation
XPS Basics
XPS Training Videos
Vocabulary
ISO 18115-1:2013 XPS Terms
Terms & Phrases for XPS
XPS
The History of XPS
Collections of XPS Spectra
Future for XPS Instrument Sales
XPS Job Openings
Job Openings at XPS Makers
XPS Job Openings at Contract Analysis Labs
XPS Job Openings at XPS Makers
IXIR
International XPS Instruments Registry – IXIR
Register to Library & Database System
IXIR Database ON-LINE
flat-database-test
TXL Members
*Contact TXL
Advertising
Benefits
Contributing Editors
Bagus, Paul S. (USA)
Biesinger, Mark C. (Canada)
Brundle, C. Richard (USA)
Fairley, Neal (England)
Fernandez, Vincent (France)
Herrera Gomez, Alberto (Mexico)
Linford, Matthew (USA)
Moulder, John (USA)
Smentkowski, Vincent S. (USA)
Expert Members
Membership
Benefits
Free Membership
TXL Videos
Videos of TXL Website
Useful Links
Alloy & Stainless Steel Kit Supplier
Catalyst Suppliers
Ceramics Suppliers
Chemical Suppliers
Cleanliness of Surfaces
Database Websites – XPS
HyperPhysics
International Conferences – XPS
Links to >700 pages at TXL
Materials Analysis Methods – List
Polymer Suppliers
Rare Earth Suppliers
Semiconductor Suppliers
Single Crystal Suppliers
Synchrotrons
Useful Websites
About TXL
© 2019-2023, Copyrights
B. Vincent Crist – CEO
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Search for:
XPS SPECTRA
*Free Library Membership
*XPS Analysis Service Lab
*Translate Website to My Language
$$ SUPPORT The XPS Library
Angels who Donate
Professors who Donate
Accuracy Limits – LiF as example
Anatomy / Features of Chemical State Spectra
Anatomy / Features of Survey Spectra
Chemical State Peak-fits – Examples
Chemical State Spectra – Overlays
Flood Gun Effect on Native Oxides
Free XPS Spectra – ISO 14976
FWHM for Peak-fitting Chemical Compounds
Gas Phase XPS
Ion Etched Elements – Capture UHV Gases
Literature Spectra (Reference Spectra)
Multiplet Splitting – Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu
Native Oxides – Examples
Native Oxide Spectra – BEs of C (1s) ?
Polymer Spectra
Pure Element Spectra – Principal Signals
Pure Element Spectra – Survey Scans
Pure Element Spectra – Survey Scans + Labels
Rare Earth Metals – Principle Signals
Sources of Spectra and Data-File Formats
Thermo K-Alpha XPS
Survey Spectra – Examples
Valence Band Spectra – Elements
Valence Band – Examples
Auger Spectra – Examples
Background
Atom% & Shake-up
Background Endpoints
Background – Active Fitting
Background Subtraction-Removal
Background Width
Comparison of Background Types
Endpoint Averaging
Extrinsic Background
High BE Endpoint
Insulator Band Gap
Intrinsic Signal
Linear Background
Sherwood & Proctor Background
Shirley Background
Tougaard Background
Vegh Castle Salvi Background
BE Calibration
*** BE CALIBRATION – RULES
BE Calibration Values
BE Calibration – History
BE Reliability Problem
Calibration Checks – Validation
Calibration Metals
Deposited Gold
Fermi Edge
International BE Calibration – IXIR
Ion Etching – Ag, Au, Cu
ISO BE Standards
Publishing XPS Data
SCE Values
X-ray Energies
BE Tables
BE Table – Atomic # Order
Chemical State Identification – AgCl -ZrO2
Crist Table of BEs & FWHMs
Histogram Plots of NIST BEs
Periodic Table of Principal BEs
Summaries of NIST BEs
Charging
Adventitious Carbon
Charge Compensation
Charge Compensation – M. Biesinger
Charge Control
Charge-Control Mesh-Screen
Charge Referencing
Charge Correction – M. Beisinger
Charge Referencing Problems
Deposited Gold
Differential Charging
Flood Gun Optimization & Alignment
Peak-Shapes (charging)
Chemical States
Adventitious Carbon
Assigning Chemical States
BE Lookup Table
Charge Referencing
Chemical Shifts
Chemical State Definition
Chemical State Identification Tables – Ag to Zr
Chemical State Spectra
Crist Table of BEs & FWHMs
Deposited Gold
Energy Resolution – 2
From Auger Signals
From Survey Spectra
Hydrocarbon Carbon (not calibration)
Multiplet Splitting and BE Shifts
Multiplet Splitting
Overlaid Spectra – Examples
Overlapping Peaks
Pass Energies: 5-300 eV
Spin-Orbit Coupling
Data
Bad Data
Bad Peak-fit Example
Bad Survey Spectra
Cheat-Sheet
Data Collection Settings
Data File Formats
Data Processing Steps
Data Quality
Extending Spectrum Range Benefits
Publishing XPS Data
Statistics
XPS Detection Limit
Data Quality
**BE CALIBRATION – RULES
**Peak-Fitting – Facts, Rules & Guides
Accuracy
Bad Peak-fits
BE Scale Calibration
Chemical State Assignments
Energy Resolution (PE)
FWHMs – Peak-widths
GI-GO ?
Peak-fitting Results
Precision
RELIABILITY
Reliable BEs ?
Reliable Peak-fits ?
Repeatability
Reproducibility
Responsible
Signal-to-Noise (S/N)
Features
Asymmetric tail
Auger Signals
Background baseline
Background bulge
Background noise
Background shapes for peak-fitting
Band Gaps from Spectra
Charging artifact
Chemical shift
Chemical state
Degradation
Energy loss peak
Fermi edge
Gaussian Lorentzian Peak-shapes
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Losses
Multiplet splitting
Noise
Overlapping peaks
Peak-shapes (G, L, V)
Plasmon loss peaks
Plasmon or Shake-up – Which?
Satellite Peaks?
Shake-up peaks
Spin-Orbit coupling
Trace level signals
Voigt Peak-shape
FWHM Info
Core-Hole Lifetimes
Energy Resolution
FWHM for Peak-fitting Chemical Compounds
FWHM for Pure Metals – Mono and Non-Mono
FWHM vs Pass Energy
FWHM = Peak-width = Core-Hole Lifetime
Gaussian-Lorentzian Ratios
Natural FWHM
Pass Energies: 5-300 eV
Peak-Shapes (G, L, V)
Peak-Shape Tails
Peak-Shape Fit Example
s, p, d, f Peak-widths
X-ray Energies
Peak-fit Models
*Peak-Fit Review Service – Free
Asymmetry – Al (2p) metal
Background Types
Endpoints & Averaging
Linear Background
Shirley Background
Tougaard Background
Vegh Background
Bad vs Good Peak-fits Explained
Bad Peak-fits Published in Journals– Explained
Bad Peak-fitting Example – Ni (2p3)
Complex Peak-fits Explained
Gaussian Lorentzian Models
Multiplet Splitting – 3s – orbitals
Multiplet Splitting – 2p – Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu
Multiplet Splitting – Rare Earths
Multiplet Splitting Calculated by P. Bagus
Noisy Data – Coal
Noisy Data – Ni metal
Overlapping Doublets – Sulfur
Peak Base and Top
Peak-Shapes (G, L, V)
Peak-Shapes – Example #1
Peak-fitting a Single O (1s) Peak
Peak Area Ratios – PET C (1s)
Pt overlaps Al – ratios
Pure Single Crystal – CaCO3 (Calcite)
Sb overlaps O – ratios
Shake-up – Metals
Shake-up – Organics
Smoothing – Bad vs OK
Super Coster-Kronig Effect
Synthetic Peaks
Too Many Peaks – O (1s) – native SiOx
Vibrational Bands – PE & PP
Which Peak-fit is Bad or Good ??
Peak-fitting
**Peak-fitting – Facts, Rules & Guides
**Peak-fitting a Single O (1s) Peak – Easy!
**Peak-fitting MOVIES
**Plot Examples
Abbe Criterion
Advanced Peak-fitting Examples
Background Endpoints
Background Shapes for Peak-fitting
Bad Peak-fits Explained
BEs & FWHMs – Tables
Bubble Chart for Peak-fitting
Chemical State Spectra Peak-fits – Examples
Chi-Squared
Constrained Peak-fit
Curve-fitting = Peak-fitting
Energy Resolution – 2
FWHM Peak-width vs Pass Energy
Gaussian-Lorentzian Ratios
Multiplet Splitting
Overlapping Peaks
Pass Energies: 5-300 eV
Peak Area vs Background Endpoints
Peak-fit Quality
Peak-fitting Flow-Chart
Peak-fitting Guides
Peak-fitting Process – Examples
Peak-fitting Variables
Peak-Shapes (G, L, V)
Shirley Background
Simple Peak-fit Examples
Tougaard Backgound
Quantification %s
*Accuracy Limits – LiF as example
*Quantification – Atom%s
Atom% gives Empirical Formula
Background
Calculated IMFPs, Scattering & Photoemission
EAL – Effective Attenuation Length
IMFP – Metal vs Metal Oxide
Integration Endpoints
Linear Background
Shirley Background
Tougaard Background
XPS Detection Limits
Sample
Beam Alignment
Chemical Suppliers
Contamination
In-Situ Treatments
Ion Beam Etching
Ion Etching Variables
Ion Etch Rate Films
Photos of Samples
Reference Materials
Sample “specimen” Handling
Sample History
Sample Preparation Bench
Sample Preparation Methods
Sample Preparation Equipment
Sample Size, Shape & Form
Sample Storage
Suppliers – Single Xtals, Nano, 2D, Perovskites, Graphene
2D Materials Suppliers
Graphene Materials
NanoParticle Suppliers
Perovskite Suppliers
Single Crystal Suppliers
X-ray Beam Size
Software
*Spectra Data Processor – 1 yr free license
SDP v7 – Training Videos
AAnalyzer
Avantage
CasaXPS
ComPro
ESCApe
Multi-Pak
MultiQuant
Quases
Sessa
TPP-2M IMFP Calculator
Unifit
Free Software
XPS Labs
*XPS Labs around the World
Contract Labs having XPS
Industrial Labs having XPS
National Labs having XPS
Synchrotron Labs having XPS
University Labs having XPS
XPS Basics
Advantages of XPS
Basic Principles – PHI Handbook
Common Difficulties
Data Collection Settings
Data Processing Steps
Limits & Weaknesses
Physics of XPS
Wikipedia – XPS
XPS Detection Limits
Advanced XPS
Charge Referencing
AR-XPS
Auger Parameter
Bagus Papers
Advanced Interpretation of XPS
Band Gaps
Capture of UHV Gases
Circular Dichroism in XPS
Depth Profiling
Electron Configuration – Orbitals
Electronic State Info
Environmental XPS
Experimental Details
Excited States
Final & Initial States
HAXPES
IMFP & AL
Imaging – Mapping
Initial & Final States
Ion Etch Rate Films
Ion Etch Rate Tables
Laser-XPS
One Electron Approximation
Photoelectron BE Diagrams
Photoemission Process
Quantification – Atom%s
Quantum Mechanics of XPS
Scattering Effects
Spin-Orbit Coupling
Tesla Coil Irradiation Effects
Thickness Estimates
TPP-2M and IMFPs
Transmission Function
Work Functions of Elements
XPS Theory
X-ray Data Booklet – LBL – PDF
Application Notes
Common Applications
EAG Application Notes
Kratos Application Notes
Surface Science Western
Thermo Application Notes
Ulvac-PHI Application Notes
XPS International Application Notes
Degradation
Degradation of Polymers
Degradation due to Flood Gun Electrons
Degradation due to Ar+ Ion Etching
Degradation due to X-ray Flux
Experts
Consultants
Legal Witness
Information Depth
XPS vs Auger Information Depth
XPS vs SEM-EDS Information Depth
XPS vs ToF-SIMS Information Depth
Instrument
Inside View – Analysis Chamber
Instrument Buying Guide
Instrument Components & Accessories
Instrument Design
Instrument Geometries
Instrument Makers
Instrument Service
Operating Conditions
Performance vs Specification
Sample Mounts
Synchrotrons for XPS
Transmission Function
Troubleshooting
X-ray Beam Alignment
X-ray Sources
Journals
Experimental Details to Publish
Journal Editors
XPS Books
XPS Journals
Makers
Instrument Makers
NIST
*Publishing XPS Data
*XPS BEs – On-line Database – NIST
Histogram Plots of NIST BEs
Review of NIST XPS BEs
SRD 64 Electron Elastic Scattering
SRD 71 Electron IMFP Database
SRD 82 Electron EAL Database
Summaries of BE Tables – NIST
Wagner Book of XPS BEs (NIST)
XPS Information from NIST
Posters
Drawings & Schematics
Flowcharts & Guides
Graphs & Charts
Instrument Details & Adjustments
Interactive Visualizations
Physics & Theory
Sample Degradation
Spectra Examples
Tables & Guides
Wall Charts & Wall Posters
σ, SF, ASF, & RSF
*Quantification – Atom%s
*Table of Scofield σ, (RSFs)
Beisinger SFs – Wagner e-ASFs variation
Crist Inflection-Point SFs – Scofield variation
Kratos SFs – 1990 – Scofield
Plots Comparing SFs
Plots of Ulvac PHI e-ASFs
Scofield SFs – Al X-rays – Theoretical
Scofield SFs – Al X-rays – Crist Modified
Scofield SFs – Al X-rays – Thermo Modified
Thermo SFs – Scofield RSFs
Test of Scofield SFs
Ulvac-PHI e-ASFs – March 2002 – Wagner
Ulvac-PHI e-ASFs – Wagner variation
Wagner’s Original e-ASFs
Wagner e-ASFs – Al X-rays – MultiPak
Wagner e-ASFs – Al X-rays – PHI – Omni-5
Wagner e-ASFs – F (1s)=1.0 vs C (1s)=1.0
Spectra-Bases #1
XPS (.SDP format) 7304 data-sets pwp
XPS (.VMS, .ISO, .TXT) 3177 data-sets pwp
XPS (.VGD) 7113 data-sets pwp
AES (.SDP, .NPL, .VMS) 2281 data-sets pwp
Spectra-Bases #2
Binary Oxides, 46 MB (*.sdp)
Carbon KLL Auger, 2 MB (*.sdp)
Chemical State Groups, 1 GB (*.vgd)
Flood Gun ON – Native Oxides, 1 MB (plots)
Handbook Series, 34 MB (*.iso, *.vms)
HER Auger Spectra, 12 MB (*.sdp)
Industrial Goods, 67 MB (*.vgd)
Miscellaneous, 60 MB (*.txt)
Native Oxides, 16 MB, FG OFF (*.vgd)
Native Oxides FG ON-OFF, 5 MB (*.sdp)
NECSA-Bio Polymers, 2 MB (*.mrs)
Original S-Probe, 90 MB (*.mrs)
PHI Handbook Spectra, 6 MB (*.spe)
Polymers, 46 MB (*.sdp)
Rare Earth Materials, 36 MB (*.vgd)
S-Probe, 200 MB (*.mrs, ASCII)
Single Crystals, 240 MB (*.vgd)
TXL IP-eSF, 340 MB (*.vgd)
UHV Gas Capture, 1 MB (3D plots)
Valence Band, 3 MB (*.txt, *.sdp)
VG Eclipse Database, 9 MB (*.dts)
X-ray Degradation of Polymers, 1 MB (*.sdp)
XPS Simplified, 14 MB (*.vgd)
Spectra Handbooks
Crist – Vol 1 – The Elements & Native Oxides
Crist – Vol 2 – Commercially Pure Metal Oxides
Crist – Vol 3 – Semiconductors
Crist – Vol 4 – Polymers
Crist – Vol 5 – RE Oxides, Carbonates, Hydroxides, Sulfides, Nitrides…
JEOL – Handbook of Spectra – Elements
Kratos – Polymers – PDF
PHI – Handbook of Spectra – Elements
Photos of XPS Handbooks
SurfaceSpectra – Polymers PDF
Wiley – Vol 1-3 -of Monochromatic XPS Spectra
Sponsors
Advertise
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Future for XPS Instrument Sales
Landing Page
Logo’s of Advertisers
Standards
AFNOR Standards
ASTM Standards
BAM Standards
BSI Standards
CSA Standards
DIN Standards
GOST-R & RuStandards
ISO Standards
JIS Standards
KSA Standards
Publishing XPS Data
SiS Standards
Surface Chemistry
Adventitious Carbon
Anti-Static, Anti-Caking
Capture of UHV Gases
Carbonates from CO2
Catalyst Surface
Clean Surface
Chemical Treatments
Contamination
Corrosion
Creeping Lubricants
Deposition Methods
Gas Treatments
Heat Treatments
Ion Etching
Hydroxides from Oxides
Lifetime of Clean Surfaces
Lubricants
Natural Oxidation
Oxidation Treatments
PDMS – Silicone Oil
Plasma Treatments
Sticking Coefficients of Gases
Sulfides from H2S (air)
Surface Chemical Reaction
Surface Contaminants
Surface Photo-Chemistry
Surface Reactivity
Tesla Coil Irradiation
Training
AVS Training Courses
Instrument Training
Instrument Training by Maker
Professional Teachers
Kateryna Artyushova
C. Richard Brundle
John T. Grant
Sven Tougaard
PPT / PDF Presentations
Software Operation
XPS Basics
XPS Training Videos
Vocabulary
ISO 18115-1:2013 XPS Terms
Terms & Phrases for XPS
XPS
The History of XPS
Collections of XPS Spectra
Future for XPS Instrument Sales
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Job Openings at XPS Makers
XPS Job Openings at Contract Analysis Labs
XPS Job Openings at XPS Makers
IXIR
International XPS Instruments Registry – IXIR
Register to Library & Database System
IXIR Database ON-LINE
flat-database-test
TXL Members
*Contact TXL
Advertising
Benefits
Contributing Editors
Bagus, Paul S. (USA)
Biesinger, Mark C. (Canada)
Brundle, C. Richard (USA)
Fairley, Neal (England)
Fernandez, Vincent (France)
Herrera Gomez, Alberto (Mexico)
Linford, Matthew (USA)
Moulder, John (USA)
Smentkowski, Vincent S. (USA)
Expert Members
Membership
Benefits
Free Membership
TXL Videos
Videos of TXL Website
Useful Links
Alloy & Stainless Steel Kit Supplier
Catalyst Suppliers
Ceramics Suppliers
Chemical Suppliers
Cleanliness of Surfaces
Database Websites – XPS
HyperPhysics
International Conferences – XPS
Links to >700 pages at TXL
Materials Analysis Methods – List
Polymer Suppliers
Rare Earth Suppliers
Semiconductor Suppliers
Single Crystal Suppliers
Synchrotrons
Useful Websites
About TXL
© 2019-2023, Copyrights
B. Vincent Crist – CEO
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Accuracy Limits – LiF as example
Anatomy / Features of Chemical State Spectra
Anatomy / Features of Survey Spectra
Chemical State Peak-fits – Examples
Chemical State Spectra – Overlays
Flood Gun Effect on Native Oxides
Free XPS Spectra – ISO 14976
FWHM for Peak-fitting Chemical Compounds
Gas Phase XPS
Ion Etched Elements – Capture UHV Gases
Literature Spectra (Reference Spectra)
Multiplet Splitting – Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu
Native Oxides – Examples
Native Oxide Spectra – BEs of C (1s) ?
Polymer Spectra
Pure Element Spectra – Principal Signals
Pure Element Spectra – Survey Scans
Pure Element Spectra – Survey Scans + Labels
Rare Earth Metals – Principle Signals
Sources of Spectra and Data-File Formats
Thermo K-Alpha XPS
Survey Spectra – Examples
Valence Band Spectra – Elements
Valence Band – Examples
Auger Spectra – Examples
Background
Atom% & Shake-up
Background Endpoints
Background – Active Fitting
Background Subtraction-Removal
Background Width
Comparison of Background Types
Endpoint Averaging
Extrinsic Background
High BE Endpoint
Insulator Band Gap
Intrinsic Signal
Linear Background
Sherwood & Proctor Background
Shirley Background
Tougaard Background
Vegh Castle Salvi Background
BE Calibration
*** BE CALIBRATION – RULES
BE Calibration Values
BE Calibration – History
BE Reliability Problem
Calibration Checks – Validation
Calibration Metals
Deposited Gold
Fermi Edge
International BE Calibration – IXIR
Ion Etching – Ag, Au, Cu
ISO BE Standards
Publishing XPS Data
SCE Values
X-ray Energies
BE Tables
BE Table – Atomic # Order
Chemical State Identification – AgCl -ZrO2
Crist Table of BEs & FWHMs
Histogram Plots of NIST BEs
Periodic Table of Principal BEs
Summaries of NIST BEs
Charging
Adventitious Carbon
Charge Compensation
Charge Compensation – M. Biesinger
Charge Control
Charge-Control Mesh-Screen
Charge Referencing
Charge Correction – M. Beisinger
Charge Referencing Problems
Deposited Gold
Differential Charging
Flood Gun Optimization & Alignment
Peak-Shapes (charging)
Chemical States
Adventitious Carbon
Assigning Chemical States
BE Lookup Table
Charge Referencing
Chemical Shifts
Chemical State Definition
Chemical State Identification Tables – Ag to Zr
Chemical State Spectra
Crist Table of BEs & FWHMs
Deposited Gold
Energy Resolution – 2
From Auger Signals
From Survey Spectra
Hydrocarbon Carbon (not calibration)
Multiplet Splitting and BE Shifts
Multiplet Splitting
Overlaid Spectra – Examples
Overlapping Peaks
Pass Energies: 5-300 eV
Spin-Orbit Coupling
Data
Bad Data
Bad Peak-fit Example
Bad Survey Spectra
Cheat-Sheet
Data Collection Settings
Data File Formats
Data Processing Steps
Data Quality
Extending Spectrum Range Benefits
Publishing XPS Data
Statistics
XPS Detection Limit
Data Quality
**BE CALIBRATION – RULES
**Peak-Fitting – Facts, Rules & Guides
Accuracy
Bad Peak-fits
BE Scale Calibration
Chemical State Assignments
Energy Resolution (PE)
FWHMs – Peak-widths
GI-GO ?
Peak-fitting Results
Precision
RELIABILITY
Reliable BEs ?
Reliable Peak-fits ?
Repeatability
Reproducibility
Responsible
Signal-to-Noise (S/N)
Features
Asymmetric tail
Auger Signals
Background baseline
Background bulge
Background noise
Background shapes for peak-fitting
Band Gaps from Spectra
Charging artifact
Chemical shift
Chemical state
Degradation
Energy loss peak
Fermi edge
Gaussian Lorentzian Peak-shapes
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Losses
Multiplet splitting
Noise
Overlapping peaks
Peak-shapes (G, L, V)
Plasmon loss peaks
Plasmon or Shake-up – Which?
Satellite Peaks?
Shake-up peaks
Spin-Orbit coupling
Trace level signals
Voigt Peak-shape
FWHM Info
Core-Hole Lifetimes
Energy Resolution
FWHM for Peak-fitting Chemical Compounds
FWHM for Pure Metals – Mono and Non-Mono
FWHM vs Pass Energy
FWHM = Peak-width = Core-Hole Lifetime
Gaussian-Lorentzian Ratios
Natural FWHM
Pass Energies: 5-300 eV
Peak-Shapes (G, L, V)
Peak-Shape Tails
Peak-Shape Fit Example
s, p, d, f Peak-widths
X-ray Energies
Peak-fit Models
*Peak-Fit Review Service – Free
Asymmetry – Al (2p) metal
Background Types
Endpoints & Averaging
Linear Background
Shirley Background
Tougaard Background
Vegh Background
Bad vs Good Peak-fits Explained
Bad Peak-fits Published in Journals– Explained
Bad Peak-fitting Example – Ni (2p3)
Complex Peak-fits Explained
Gaussian Lorentzian Models
Multiplet Splitting – 3s – orbitals
Multiplet Splitting – 2p – Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu
Multiplet Splitting – Rare Earths
Multiplet Splitting Calculated by P. Bagus
Noisy Data – Coal
Noisy Data – Ni metal
Overlapping Doublets – Sulfur
Peak Base and Top
Peak-Shapes (G, L, V)
Peak-Shapes – Example #1
Peak-fitting a Single O (1s) Peak
Peak Area Ratios – PET C (1s)
Pt overlaps Al – ratios
Pure Single Crystal – CaCO3 (Calcite)
Sb overlaps O – ratios
Shake-up – Metals
Shake-up – Organics
Smoothing – Bad vs OK
Super Coster-Kronig Effect
Synthetic Peaks
Too Many Peaks – O (1s) – native SiOx
Vibrational Bands – PE & PP
Which Peak-fit is Bad or Good ??
Peak-fitting
**Peak-fitting – Facts, Rules & Guides
**Peak-fitting a Single O (1s) Peak – Easy!
**Peak-fitting MOVIES
**Plot Examples
Abbe Criterion
Advanced Peak-fitting Examples
Background Endpoints
Background Shapes for Peak-fitting
Bad Peak-fits Explained
BEs & FWHMs – Tables
Bubble Chart for Peak-fitting
Chemical State Spectra Peak-fits – Examples
Chi-Squared
Constrained Peak-fit
Curve-fitting = Peak-fitting
Energy Resolution – 2
FWHM Peak-width vs Pass Energy
Gaussian-Lorentzian Ratios
Multiplet Splitting
Overlapping Peaks
Pass Energies: 5-300 eV
Peak Area vs Background Endpoints
Peak-fit Quality
Peak-fitting Flow-Chart
Peak-fitting Guides
Peak-fitting Process – Examples
Peak-fitting Variables
Peak-Shapes (G, L, V)
Shirley Background
Simple Peak-fit Examples
Tougaard Backgound
Quantification %s
*Accuracy Limits – LiF as example
*Quantification – Atom%s
Atom% gives Empirical Formula
Background
Calculated IMFPs, Scattering & Photoemission
EAL – Effective Attenuation Length
IMFP – Metal vs Metal Oxide
Integration Endpoints
Linear Background
Shirley Background
Tougaard Background
XPS Detection Limits
Sample
Beam Alignment
Chemical Suppliers
Contamination
In-Situ Treatments
Ion Beam Etching
Ion Etching Variables
Ion Etch Rate Films
Photos of Samples
Reference Materials
Sample “specimen” Handling
Sample History
Sample Preparation Bench
Sample Preparation Methods
Sample Preparation Equipment
Sample Size, Shape & Form
Sample Storage
Suppliers – Single Xtals, Nano, 2D, Perovskites, Graphene
2D Materials Suppliers
Graphene Materials
NanoParticle Suppliers
Perovskite Suppliers
Single Crystal Suppliers
X-ray Beam Size
Software
*Spectra Data Processor – 1 yr free license
SDP v7 – Training Videos
AAnalyzer
Avantage
CasaXPS
ComPro
ESCApe
Multi-Pak
MultiQuant
Quases
Sessa
TPP-2M IMFP Calculator
Unifit
Free Software
XPS Labs
*XPS Labs around the World
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XPS Basics
Advantages of XPS
Basic Principles – PHI Handbook
Common Difficulties
Data Collection Settings
Data Processing Steps
Limits & Weaknesses
Physics of XPS
Wikipedia – XPS
XPS Detection Limits
Advanced XPS
Charge Referencing
AR-XPS
Auger Parameter
Bagus Papers
Advanced Interpretation of XPS
Band Gaps
Capture of UHV Gases
Circular Dichroism in XPS
Depth Profiling
Electron Configuration – Orbitals
Electronic State Info
Environmental XPS
Experimental Details
Excited States
Final & Initial States
HAXPES
IMFP & AL
Imaging – Mapping
Initial & Final States
Ion Etch Rate Films
Ion Etch Rate Tables
Laser-XPS
One Electron Approximation
Photoelectron BE Diagrams
Photoemission Process
Quantification – Atom%s
Quantum Mechanics of XPS
Scattering Effects
Spin-Orbit Coupling
Tesla Coil Irradiation Effects
Thickness Estimates
TPP-2M and IMFPs
Transmission Function
Work Functions of Elements
XPS Theory
X-ray Data Booklet – LBL – PDF
Application Notes
Common Applications
EAG Application Notes
Kratos Application Notes
Surface Science Western
Thermo Application Notes
Ulvac-PHI Application Notes
XPS International Application Notes
Degradation
Degradation of Polymers
Degradation due to Flood Gun Electrons
Degradation due to Ar+ Ion Etching
Degradation due to X-ray Flux
Experts
Consultants
Legal Witness
Information Depth
XPS vs Auger Information Depth
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XPS vs ToF-SIMS Information Depth
Instrument
Inside View – Analysis Chamber
Instrument Buying Guide
Instrument Components & Accessories
Instrument Design
Instrument Geometries
Instrument Makers
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Operating Conditions
Performance vs Specification
Sample Mounts
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Transmission Function
Troubleshooting
X-ray Beam Alignment
X-ray Sources
Journals
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Journal Editors
XPS Books
XPS Journals
Makers
Instrument Makers
NIST
*Publishing XPS Data
*XPS BEs – On-line Database – NIST
Histogram Plots of NIST BEs
Review of NIST XPS BEs
SRD 64 Electron Elastic Scattering
SRD 71 Electron IMFP Database
SRD 82 Electron EAL Database
Summaries of BE Tables – NIST
Wagner Book of XPS BEs (NIST)
XPS Information from NIST
Posters
Drawings & Schematics
Flowcharts & Guides
Graphs & Charts
Instrument Details & Adjustments
Interactive Visualizations
Physics & Theory
Sample Degradation
Spectra Examples
Tables & Guides
Wall Charts & Wall Posters
σ, SF, ASF, & RSF
*Quantification – Atom%s
*Table of Scofield σ, (RSFs)
Beisinger SFs – Wagner e-ASFs variation
Crist Inflection-Point SFs – Scofield variation
Kratos SFs – 1990 – Scofield
Plots Comparing SFs
Plots of Ulvac PHI e-ASFs
Scofield SFs – Al X-rays – Theoretical
Scofield SFs – Al X-rays – Crist Modified
Scofield SFs – Al X-rays – Thermo Modified
Thermo SFs – Scofield RSFs
Test of Scofield SFs
Ulvac-PHI e-ASFs – March 2002 – Wagner
Ulvac-PHI e-ASFs – Wagner variation
Wagner’s Original e-ASFs
Wagner e-ASFs – Al X-rays – MultiPak
Wagner e-ASFs – Al X-rays – PHI – Omni-5
Wagner e-ASFs – F (1s)=1.0 vs C (1s)=1.0
Spectra-Bases #1
XPS (.SDP format) 7304 data-sets pwp
XPS (.VMS, .ISO, .TXT) 3177 data-sets pwp
XPS (.VGD) 7113 data-sets pwp
AES (.SDP, .NPL, .VMS) 2281 data-sets pwp
Spectra-Bases #2
Binary Oxides, 46 MB (*.sdp)
Carbon KLL Auger, 2 MB (*.sdp)
Chemical State Groups, 1 GB (*.vgd)
Flood Gun ON – Native Oxides, 1 MB (plots)
Handbook Series, 34 MB (*.iso, *.vms)
HER Auger Spectra, 12 MB (*.sdp)
Industrial Goods, 67 MB (*.vgd)
Miscellaneous, 60 MB (*.txt)
Native Oxides, 16 MB, FG OFF (*.vgd)
Native Oxides FG ON-OFF, 5 MB (*.sdp)
NECSA-Bio Polymers, 2 MB (*.mrs)
Original S-Probe, 90 MB (*.mrs)
PHI Handbook Spectra, 6 MB (*.spe)
Polymers, 46 MB (*.sdp)
Rare Earth Materials, 36 MB (*.vgd)
S-Probe, 200 MB (*.mrs, ASCII)
Single Crystals, 240 MB (*.vgd)
TXL IP-eSF, 340 MB (*.vgd)
UHV Gas Capture, 1 MB (3D plots)
Valence Band, 3 MB (*.txt, *.sdp)
VG Eclipse Database, 9 MB (*.dts)
X-ray Degradation of Polymers, 1 MB (*.sdp)
XPS Simplified, 14 MB (*.vgd)
Spectra Handbooks
Crist – Vol 1 – The Elements & Native Oxides
Crist – Vol 2 – Commercially Pure Metal Oxides
Crist – Vol 3 – Semiconductors
Crist – Vol 4 – Polymers
Crist – Vol 5 – RE Oxides, Carbonates, Hydroxides, Sulfides, Nitrides…
JEOL – Handbook of Spectra – Elements
Kratos – Polymers – PDF
PHI – Handbook of Spectra – Elements
Photos of XPS Handbooks
SurfaceSpectra – Polymers PDF
Wiley – Vol 1-3 -of Monochromatic XPS Spectra
Sponsors
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Future for XPS Instrument Sales
Landing Page
Logo’s of Advertisers
Standards
AFNOR Standards
ASTM Standards
BAM Standards
BSI Standards
CSA Standards
DIN Standards
GOST-R & RuStandards
ISO Standards
JIS Standards
KSA Standards
Publishing XPS Data
SiS Standards
Surface Chemistry
Adventitious Carbon
Anti-Static, Anti-Caking
Capture of UHV Gases
Carbonates from CO2
Catalyst Surface
Clean Surface
Chemical Treatments
Contamination
Corrosion
Creeping Lubricants
Deposition Methods
Gas Treatments
Heat Treatments
Ion Etching
Hydroxides from Oxides
Lifetime of Clean Surfaces
Lubricants
Natural Oxidation
Oxidation Treatments
PDMS – Silicone Oil
Plasma Treatments
Sticking Coefficients of Gases
Sulfides from H2S (air)
Surface Chemical Reaction
Surface Contaminants
Surface Photo-Chemistry
Surface Reactivity
Tesla Coil Irradiation
Training
AVS Training Courses
Instrument Training
Instrument Training by Maker
Professional Teachers
Kateryna Artyushova
C. Richard Brundle
John T. Grant
Sven Tougaard
PPT / PDF Presentations
Software Operation
XPS Basics
XPS Training Videos
Vocabulary
ISO 18115-1:2013 XPS Terms
Terms & Phrases for XPS
XPS
The History of XPS
Collections of XPS Spectra
Future for XPS Instrument Sales
XPS Job Openings
Job Openings at XPS Makers
XPS Job Openings at Contract Analysis Labs
XPS Job Openings at XPS Makers
IXIR
International XPS Instruments Registry – IXIR
Register to Library & Database System
IXIR Database ON-LINE
flat-database-test
TXL Members
*Contact TXL
Advertising
Benefits
Contributing Editors
Bagus, Paul S. (USA)
Biesinger, Mark C. (Canada)
Brundle, C. Richard (USA)
Fairley, Neal (England)
Fernandez, Vincent (France)
Herrera Gomez, Alberto (Mexico)
Linford, Matthew (USA)
Moulder, John (USA)
Smentkowski, Vincent S. (USA)
Expert Members
Membership
Benefits
Free Membership
TXL Videos
Videos of TXL Website
Useful Links
Alloy & Stainless Steel Kit Supplier
Catalyst Suppliers
Ceramics Suppliers
Chemical Suppliers
Cleanliness of Surfaces
Database Websites – XPS
HyperPhysics
International Conferences – XPS
Links to >700 pages at TXL
Materials Analysis Methods – List
Polymer Suppliers
Rare Earth Suppliers
Semiconductor Suppliers
Single Crystal Suppliers
Synchrotrons
Useful Websites
About TXL
© 2019-2023, Copyrights
B. Vincent Crist – CEO
Contact TXL
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List of All Pages in The XPS Library
*** International BE Calibration – Status Reports
*** TEMPLATE – 3 column tables
***BE CALIBRATION – RULES
***BE CALIBRATION – RULES
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**PEAK-FITTING – FACTS, RULES & GUIDELINES
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6 Tables of Sensitivity Factors
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Abbe Criterion
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AES (.SDP, .NPL, .VMS) 2281 data-sets
AES (.SDP, .NPL, .VMS) 2281 data-sets
AFNOR Standards
Ag – Basic Spectra
Al – Basic Spectra
Alberto Herrera Gomez
Alloy & Stainless Steel Samples Kit
amCharts v4 test
Anatomy / Features of Chemical State Spectra
Anatomy / Features of Survey Spectra
Angels who Donated
Anti-Static, Anti-Caking
Application Notes
Application Notes ©
Application Notes from Makers
Applications
Ar – Basic Spectra
AR-XPS
As – Basic Spectra
Assigning Chemical States
ASTM Standards
Asymmetric tail
Asymmetry
Atom% & Shake-up
Atom% gives Empirical Formula
Au – Basic Spectra
Auger (AES) Information Depth
Auger Parameter
Auger Signals
Auger Spectra from XPS – Examples
Avantage
AVS Training Courses
© 2019, Copyrights
B – Basic Spectra
B. Vincent Crist
B. Vincent Crist – CEO
Background
Background – Active Fitting
Background baseline
Background bulge
Background Endpoints
Background Endpoints
Background Noise
Background Shapes for Peak-fitting
Background Shapes for Peak-fitting
Background Subtraction-Removal
Background Type – Shirley or Linear
Background Width
Bad Data
Bad Peak-fits
Bad Peak-fits Explained
Bad Peak-fits Explained
Bad Peak-fits Published in Journals – Explained
Bad Peak-fitting Example
Bad Peak-fitting Example – Ni (2p3)
Bad Peak-fitting or Good Peak-fitting
Bad Survey Spectra
Bagus Papers
BAM Standards
Band Gaps
Band Gaps from Spectra
Baselines for Peak-fitting (S, L, T)
Be – Basic Spectra
BE Calibration – History
BE Calibration Values
BE Lookup Table
BE RELIABILITY – VITAL
BE Reliability Problem
BE Scale Calibration
BE Table – Atomic # Order
BE Tables
Beam Alignment
Benefits
Bi – Basic Spectra
bi-Carbonates
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Binary Oxides, 46 MB (*.sdp)
Binding Energy (BE) Scale Calibration
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Borates
Borides
Br – Basic Spectra
BSI Standards
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C – Basic Spectra
C. Richard Brundle
C. Richard Brundle
Ca – Basic Spectra
Calculated IMFP Values
Calibration Checks – Validation
Calibration Metals
Capture of UHV Gases
Carbides
Carbon KLL Auger, 2 MB (*.sdp)
Carbonates
Carbonates from CO2
Careers at TXL
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Charging
Charging artifact
Cheat-Sheet
Checkout
Chemical Shift
Chemical Shifts
Chemical State Assignments
Chemical State Definition
Chemical State Groups, 1 GB (*.vgd)
Chemical State Identification – BE Lookup Table – Ag to Zr
Chemical State Identification – BE Lookup Table – Ag to Zr
Chemical State Peak-fits – Examples
Chemical State Spectra
Chemical State Spectra – OVERLAYS
Chemical State Spectra Peak-fits – Examples
Chemical States
Chemical States
Chemical Suppliers
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Chemical Treatments
Chemical Treatments
Chi-Squared
Chlorides
Circular Dichroism in XPS
Cl – Basic Spectra
Clean Surface
Cleanliness of Surfaces
Client Portal
Co – Basic Spectra
Collections of XPS Spectra
Common Difficulties
Comparison of Background Types
Complex Peak-fits Explained
Components
ComPro v12 (SASJ)
Constrained Peak-fit
Consultants
Contact TXL
Contact TXL
Contact TXL
Contact TXL
Contamination
Contamination
Contract Analysis Labs
Contributing Editors
Contributing Editors
Contributors
Core Hole Lifetimes – FWHM
Corrosion
Cr – Basic Spectra
Creeping Lubricants
Crist – Handbooks of Monochromatic XPS
Crist – PDF Book of Commercially Pure Metal Oxides
Crist – PDF Book of Polymers
Crist – PDF Book of RE Oxides, Carbonates, Hydroxides, Sulfides, Nitrides…
Crist – PDF Book of Semiconductors
Crist – PDF Book of The Elements & Native Oxides
Crist – Spectra Handbook – Metal Oxides
Crist – Spectra Handbook – The Elements & Native Oxides
Crist Empirical IP eSFs – Scofield Base
Crist Handbook Series – Parameters
Crist Publications for Download
Crist Table of BEs & FWHMs
Crist Table of BEs & FWHMs
Crist Table of BEs & FWHMs
Critical Review of NIST XPS BEs
Cs – Basic Spectra
CSA Standards
Cu – Basic Spectra
Curve-fitting = Peak-fitting
Data
Data Collection Settings
Data Collection Settings
Data Collection Software
Data File Formats
Data Processing Steps
Data Processing Steps
Data Quality
Data Quality
Degradation
Degradation
Degradation due to Ar+ Ion Etching
Degradation due to Flood Gun Electrons
Degradation due to X-ray Flux
Degradation of Polymers
Deposited Gold
Deposited Gold
Deposited Gold
Deposition Methods
Depth of Information
Depth Profiling
Differential Charging
DIN Standards
DIN Standards
Documentary Standards and Guidelines
Don Baer (USA)
Downloads
Drawings and Schematics
Due to Bremsstrahlung
Due to High Vacuum
Due to Non-Mono Heat
Dy – Basic Spectra
EAG-EuroFin Application Notes
EAL, Effective Attenuation Length
Electron Configuration – Atomic Orbitals
Electronic State Info
Element Cyclopedia TEMPLATE
Element X-pedia TEMPLATE
Element XP-Cyclopedia
Endpoint Averaging
Energy loss peak
Energy Resolution
Energy Resolution (PE)
Environmental XPS
Er – Basic Spectra
ESCApe
Eu – Basic Spectra
EULA
Examples of Bad Peak-fitting
Excited States
Expert Members
Experts
Extending Spectrum Range Benefits
Extrinsic Background
F – Basic Spectra
Fe – Basic Spectra
Features
Features in Chemical State Spectra
Features in Survey Spectra
Fermi Edge
Fermi Edge (features)
FG Effect on Native Oxides
Final & Initial States
Final State Effects
flat-database-2
Flood Gun Effect on Native Oxides
Flood Gun on Native Oxides, 1 MB (plots)
Flood Gun Optimization & Alignment
Flowcharts & Guides
Fluorides
Free Membership
Free Software
Free XPS Spectra – Free XPS Software
Free XPS Spectra – ISO 14976
Frequently Asked Questions
From Auger Signals
From Survey Spectra
Future for XPS Instrument Sales
Future for XPS Instrument Sales
Future for XPS Instrument Sales
FWHM = Peak-width
FWHM = Peak-width
FWHM for Peak-fitting Chemical Compounds
FWHM for Pure Metals – Mono and Non-Mono
FWHM Information
FWHM Peak-width vs Pass Energy
FWHM Peak-width vs Pass Energy (ER)
Ga – Basic Spectra
Gas Capture of UHV Gases
Gas Phase XPS
Gas Treatments
Gaussian Lorentzian Model
Gaussian Lorentzian Models
Gaussian-Lorentzian Ratios
Gaussian-Lorentzian Ratios
Gd – Basic Spectra
Ge – Basic Spectra
GI-GO ?
GOST-R & RuStandards
Graphene Materials
Graphs and Charts
Groups as Members
gtest
H – Basic Spectra
Handbook Series, 34 MB (*.ISO, *.VMS)
Handbooks – XPS Spectra
Handbooks of XPS Spectra
HAXPES
He – Basic Spectra
Heat Treatments
HER Auger Spectra, 12 MB (*.sdp)
Hf – Basic Spectra
Hg – Basic Spectra
Hidden
High BE Endpoint
Histogram Plots of NIST BEs
Histogram Plots of NIST BEs
History of XPS
Ho – Basic Spectra
Home
Hydrocarbon Carbon (not for calibration)
Hydroxides
Hydroxides from Oxides
HyperPhysics
I – Basic Spectra
Imaging – Mapping
IMFP & AL
IMFP – Metal vs Metal Oxide
In – Basic Spectra
In-Situ Treatments
Index / Site-map
Industrial Goods, 67 MB (*.vgd)
Industrial Labs
Initial & Final States
Inside View – Analysis Chamber
Instrument Buying Guide
Instrument Component Suppliers
Instrument Components
Instrument Design
Instrument Details & Adjustments
Instrument Geometries
Instrument Makers
Instrument Makers
Instrument Operation
Instrument Service
Instrument Training by Maker
Instruments
Insulator Band Gap
Integration Endpoints
Interactive Visualizations
International Conferences – XPS
International XPS Instrument Registry (IXIR)
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Losses
Intrinsic Signal
Ion Beam Etching
Ion Etch Rate Films
Ion Etch Rate Tables
Ion Etched Elements – Capture UHV Gases
Ion Etching
Ion Etching – Ag, Au, Cu
Ion Etching Variables
Ir – Basic Spectra
ISO 18115-1:2013 XPS Terms
ISO BE Standards
ISO Standards
IXIR
IXIR Database ON-LINE
σ, SF, ASF, RSF, and e-RSF
JEOL – XPS Handbook
JIS Standards
Job Openings for XPS
Job Openings for XPS
John Moulder (USA)
John T. Grant
Journal Editors
Journals & Publishers
K – Basic Spectra
Kateryna Artyushova
Knowledge Base
Kr – Basic Spectra
Kratos – XPS Handbook
Kratos Application Notes, etc.
Kratos SFs – Scofield SFs until 1995
KSA Standards
La – Basic Spectra
Landing Page
Laser-XPS
Legal Witness
Li – Basic Spectra
Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs
Licensing by Membership
Lifetime of Clean Surfaces
Limits & Weaknesses
Linear Background
Linear Background
Linked-In people who want On-Line Self-training
Links
Links to >700 pages at TXL
List of Members
Literature Spectra (used as Reference Spectra)
Log-In Here
Logo’s
Lorentzian % – Excessive
Lorentzian % – Excessive
Lu – Basic Spectra
Lubricants
Makers
Mark C. Biesinger
Materials Analysis Methods – List
Matthew Linford
Member Benefits
Metal Oxides – Binary
Mg – Basic Spectra
Miscellaneous, 60 MB (*.txt)
Mn – Basic Spectra
Mo – Basic Spectra
Molybdates
Multi-Pak
Multiplet Splitting
Multiplet Splitting
Multiplet Splitting
Multiplet Splitting – 2p – Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu
Multiplet Splitting – 3s – Orbitals
Multiplet Splitting – Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu
Multiplet Splitting – La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb
Multiplet Splitting and BE Shifts
Multiplet Splitting Calculated by P. Bagus
MultiQuant – XPS
My account
My Personal Account
N – Basic Spectra
Na – Basic Spectra
NanoParticle Suppliers
National Labs and Research Institutes
Native Oxide Spectra – BE of C (1s) ?
Native Oxides
Native Oxides – Examples
Native Oxides FG ON-OFF, 5 MB (*.sdp)
Native Oxides, 16 MB, FG OFF (*.vgd)
Natural FWHM
Natural Oxidation
Nb – Basic Spectra
Nd – Basic Spectra
Ne – Basic Spectra
Neal Fairley (UK)
Necsa-Bio Polymers, 2 MB (*.mrs)
Negligence
News
Ni – Basic Spectra
Niobates
NIST BEs
Nitrides
Noise
Noisy Data – Coal
Noisy Data – Ni metal
O – Basic Spectra
Old Links
On-Site Professional Teachers
On-Site Professional Teachers
One Electron Approximation
Operating Conditions
Original S-Probe, 90 MB (*.mrs)
Os – Basic Spectra
Our Sponsors
Overlaid Chemical State Spectra – Examples
Overlapping Doublets – Sulfur
Overlapping Peaks
Overlapping Peaks
Overlapping Peaks
Oxidation Treatments
P – Basic Spectra
Partnerships & Sponsorships
Pass Energies: 5-300 eV
Paul S. Bagus
Pb – Basic Spectra
Pd – Basic Spectra
PDMS – Silicone Oil
Peak Area Ratios – PET
Peak Area vs Background Endpoints
Peak Base and Top
Peak-fit Examples
Peak-fit Models
Peak-fit Quality
Peak-Fit Review Service
Peak-fits of Principal Signals – Elements
Peak-fitted Spectra Examples
Peak-fitting = Curve-fitting
Peak-fitting a Single O (1s) Peak
Peak-fitting a Single O (1s) Peak – Easy!
Peak-fitting Flow-Chart
Peak-fitting Guides
Peak-fitting Process – Examples
Peak-fitting Process – Examples
Peak-fitting Results
Peak-fitting Variables
Peak-shape – Example #1
Peak-shape – Example #1
Peak-Shapes (charging)
Peak-Shapes (charging)
Peak-Shapes (G, L, V)
Peak-Shapes (G, L, V)
Peak-Shapes (G, L, V)
Peak-Shapes (G, L, V)
Performance vs Specification
Periodic Table of BEs
Periodic Tables
Perovskite Suppliers
Peroxides
PHI – XPS Handbook of Spectra – The Elements
PHI – XPS Handbooks
PHI Handbook Pages
PHI Handbook Spectra, 6 MB (*.spe)
Phosphates
Photoelectron BE Diagrams
Photoemission Process
Photos of Samples
Physics & Theory
Physics of XPS
Physics of XPS
Plasma Treatments
Plasmon Loss Peaks
Plasmon Loss Peaks (features)
Plasmon or Shake-up – Which?
Plots Comparing SFs
Polymer Spectra
Polymer Suppliers
Polymers, 46 MB (*.sdp)
Polymers2
Posters & InfoGraphics
PPT / PDF Presentations
Pr – Basic Spectra
Precision
Press Center
Price for Professional Membership
Privacy Policy
Professional Members
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Pt – Basic Spectra
Pt overlaps Al – ratios
Publishing XPS Data
Publishing XPS Data
Publishing XPS Data
Publishing XPS Data
Publishing XPS Data
Publishing XPS Experimental Details – Journals
Purchase Professional Membership (US$)
Pure Element – Survey Spectra + L
Pure Element Spectra – Main Signals
Pure Element Spectra – Survey Scans
Pure Elements
Pure Single Crystal – CaCO3 (Calcite)
Quantification – Atom%s
Quantification – Atom%s
Quantification – Atom%s
Quantification – Atom%s
Quantum Mechanics of XPS
Quases
Rare Earth Materials…, 36 MB (*.vgd)
Rare Earth Metals – Principle
Rare Earth Suppliers
Rb – Basic Spectra
Re – Basic Spectra
Reference Materials
Refund Policy
Registration Form – IXIR System
Reliable BEs ?
Reliable Peak-fits ?
Repeatability
Reproducibility
Research Members
Rh – Basic Spectra
Ru – Basic Spectra
S – Basic Spectra
s, p, d, f Peak-widths
S-Probe, 200 MB (*.mrs, ASCII)
Sample (Specimen)
Sample (specimen) Handling
Sample (specimen) History
Sample (specimen) Storage
Sample Degradation
Sample Mount Charge-up
Sample Mounts
Sample Prep Equipment
Sample Preparation Bench
Sample Preparation Methods
Sample Size, Shape & Form
Satellite Peaks?
Sb – Basic Spectra
Sb overlaps O – ratios
Sc – Basic Spectra
Scattering Effects
SCE Values
Scofield SFs – Al X-rays – Crist Modified for Thermo K-Alpha
Scofield SFs – Al X-rays – Theoretically Calculated – Central Field Potential – SCF
Scofield SFs – Al X-rays – Thermo Modified
SDP_v8 software
Se – Basic Spectra
Selenides
SEM-EDS Information Depth
Semiconductor Suppliers
Sessa
SF Table #6
Shake-up – Cu (2+) vs Cu (1+)
Shake-up – pi to pi*
Shake-up peaks
Shake-up Structures
Sherwood & Proctor Background
Shirley Background
Shirley Background
Shop
Donations – Shop
Si – Basic Spectra
Signal-to-Noise (S/N)
Silicates
Silicides
Simple Peak-fit Examples
Simple Peak-fit Examples 2
Single Crystal Suppliers
Single Crystal Suppliers
Single Crystals, 240 MB (*.vgd)
Single Xtals, 2D, Graphene, Nano, Perovskite
SiS Standards
Sm – Basic Spectra
Smoothing – Bad vs OK
Sn – Basic Spectra
Software
Software Operation
Source of Spectra in The XPS Library
SpecMaster Pro, 1.8 GB (*.sdp)
SpecMaster, 527 MB (*.sdp)
Spectra Data Processor (SDP) – 1 yr Free Use
Spectra Data Processor v7 – Training Videos
Spectra Examples
Spectra Handbooks
Spectra-Bases #1
Spectra-Bases #2
Spin-Orbit Coupling
Spin-Orbit Coupling
Spin-Orbit Coupling
Sr – Basic Spectra
SRD 64 Electron Elastic Scattering Cross-Sections
SRD 71 Electron IMFP Database
SRD 82 Electron EAL Database
Standards
Statistics
Sticking Coefficients
Store
Strategic Partners
Sub-Structure
Subscriptions
Sulfates
Sulfides
Sulfides from H2S (air)
Summaries of BE Tables – NIST
Summaries of BE Tables – NIST
Super Coster-Kronig Effect – Ti (2p1) in TiO2
Surface Charging
Surface Chemical Reaction
Surface Chemistry
Surface Contaminants
Surface Photo-Chemistry
Surface Reactivity
Surface Science Western (UWO) Application Notes
SurfaceSpectra – XPS Handbook of Polymer Spectra
Survey Spectra Examples
Sven Tougaard
Synchrotron Labs
Synchrotrons
Synchrotrons for XPS
Synthetic Peaks
Ta – Basic Spectra
Tables & Guides
Tb – Basic Spectra
Tc – Basic Spectra
Te – Basic Spectra
Teaching Members
Team
Technical Support
Tellurides
Temp
Terms & Phrases for XPS
Terms of Use
Tesla Coil Irradiation
Tesla Coil Irradiation Effects
TEST
Test Page
Tests of RSFs
Th – Basic Spectra
The History of XPS
Thermo Application Notes
Thermo K-Alpha XPS
Thermo’s Modified Scofield SFs Al X-rays
Thickness Estimates
Ti – Basic Spectra
Titanates
Tl – Basic Spectra
Tm – Basic Spectra
ToF-SIMS Information Depth
Too Many Peaks – O (1s) – native SiOx
Tougaard Backgound
Tougaard Background
Tougaard Background
TPP-2M and IMFPs
TPP-2M IMFP Calculator
Trace level signals
Training & Videos
Translate TXL Website to Your Language
Translate TXL Website to Your Language
Transmission Function
Transmission Function
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Troubleshooting
Tungstates
TXL #2, 2.0 GB (*.vgd)
TXL HQ IP-eSF, 340 MB (*.vgd)
TXL Members
TXL Misc, 60 MB, (*.vgd)
TXL Store
TXL Ultimate, 3 GB (*.txt, *.sdp, *.vgd)
U – Basic Spectra
UHV Gas Capture, 1 MB (3d plots)
UKSAF Links
Ulvac-PHI Application Notes
Ulvac-PHI ASFs
Ulvac-PHI ASFs – March 2002
Ulvac-PHI SFs as Plots
Unifit
University Labs
Useful Websites
V – Basic Spectra
Valence Band Examples
Valence Band Spectra – Elements
Valence Band, 3 MB (*.txt, *.sdp)
Vanadates
Vegh Background
VG Eclipse Database, 9 MB (*.dts)
Vibrational Bands – Gases & Polymers
Video of Website Menus
Videos of TXL Website
Vincent Fernandez
Vincent S. Smentkowski (USA)
Vocabulary
Voigt Peak-shape
W – Basic Spectra
Wagner Book of XPS BEs (NIST)
Wagner SFs – Al X-rays – PHI Modified for 5800 Omni-5
Wagner SFs – Al X-rays – PHI Modified for MultiPak v8
Wagner SFs – Al X-rays – Empirically Defined : F (1s)=1.0 vs C (1s)=1.0
Wagner’s Original ASFs
Wall Charts & Wall Posters
Website Menus Display
Wikipedia – XPS
Work Functions of Elements
X-pedia for Elements
X-ray Beam Alignment
X-ray Beam Size
X-ray Data Booklet – LBL
X-ray Degradation of Polymers, 1 MB (*.sdp)
X-ray Energies
X-ray Energies
X-ray Sources
XI – Application Notes
XI Sample Spectra
XML Site-Map of The XPS Library
XPS
XPS (.SDP format) 7304 data-sets
XPS (.SDP format) 7304 data-sets
XPS (.VMS, .ISO, .TXT) 3177 data-sets
XPS (.VMS, .ISO, .TXT) 3177 data-sets
XPS (.VMS, .ISO, .TXT) 3177 data-sets
XPS Analysis Service by XPS Metrology LLC
XPS Basics
XPS Basics
XPS BE On-line Database – NIST
XPS by Element
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XPS Jobs at XPS Makers
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XPS Labs around the World
XPS Library – SEO TERMS
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XPS Papers – NIST
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XPS Simplified, 14 MB (*.vgd)
XPS Spectra & AES Spectra Libraries
XPS Theory
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Y – Basic Spectra
Yb – Basic Spectra
Your Suggestions – Your Ideas to improve TXL
Zn – Basic Spectra
Zr – Basic Spectra
Vertical menu
xml site-map
*** International BE Calibration – Status Reports
*** TEMPLATE – 3 column tables
***BE CALIBRATION – RULES
***BE CALIBRATION – RULES
**Membership
**PEAK-FITTING – FACTS, RULES & GUIDELINES
**PEAK-FITTING – FACTS, RULES & GUIDELINES
**Plot Examples
**Registration FORM
**Registration FORM
*Accuracy Limits – LiF as example
*Free Library Membership
*Suggestions
*Table of RSFs – Normalized Scofield SFs
– Periodic Table TEMPLATE v1
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2D Materials Suppliers
6 Tables of Sensitivity Factors
AAnalyzer
Abbe Criterion
About The XPS Library
Accuracy
Ads
Advanced Interpretation of XPS
Advanced Peak-fitting Examples
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Advantages of XPS
Adventitious Carbon
Adventitious Carbon
Adventitious Carbon
Advertise
Advertising Members
AES (.SDP, .NPL, .VMS) 2281 data-sets
AES (.SDP, .NPL, .VMS) 2281 data-sets
AFNOR Standards
Ag – Basic Spectra
Al – Basic Spectra
Alberto Herrera Gomez
Alloy & Stainless Steel Samples Kit
amCharts v4 test
Anatomy / Features of Chemical State Spectra
Anatomy / Features of Survey Spectra
Angels who Donated
Anti-Static, Anti-Caking
Application Notes
Application Notes ©
Application Notes from Makers
Applications
Ar – Basic Spectra
AR-XPS
As – Basic Spectra
Assigning Chemical States
ASTM Standards
Asymmetric tail
Asymmetry
Atom% & Shake-up
Atom% gives Empirical Formula
Au – Basic Spectra
Auger (AES) Information Depth
Auger Parameter
Auger Signals
Auger Spectra from XPS – Examples
Avantage
AVS Training Courses
© 2019, Copyrights
B – Basic Spectra
B. Vincent Crist
B. Vincent Crist – CEO
Background
Background – Active Fitting
Background baseline
Background bulge
Background Endpoints
Background Endpoints
Background Noise
Background Shapes for Peak-fitting
Background Shapes for Peak-fitting
Background Subtraction-Removal
Background Type – Shirley or Linear
Background Width
Bad Data
Bad Peak-fits
Bad Peak-fits Explained
Bad Peak-fits Explained
Bad Peak-fits Published in Journals – Explained
Bad Peak-fitting Example
Bad Peak-fitting Example – Ni (2p3)
Bad Peak-fitting or Good Peak-fitting
Bad Survey Spectra
Bagus Papers
BAM Standards
Band Gaps
Band Gaps from Spectra
Baselines for Peak-fitting (S, L, T)
Be – Basic Spectra
BE Calibration – History
BE Calibration Values
BE Lookup Table
BE RELIABILITY – VITAL
BE Reliability Problem
BE Scale Calibration
BE Table – Atomic # Order
BE Tables
Beam Alignment
Benefits
Bi – Basic Spectra
bi-Carbonates
Biesinger SFs
Binary Oxides, 46 MB (*.sdp)
Binding Energy (BE) Scale Calibration
Blog
Books
Borates
Borides
Br – Basic Spectra
BSI Standards
Bubble Chart for Peak-fitting
C – Basic Spectra
C. Richard Brundle
C. Richard Brundle
Ca – Basic Spectra
Calculated IMFP Values
Calibration Checks – Validation
Calibration Metals
Capture of UHV Gases
Carbides
Carbon KLL Auger, 2 MB (*.sdp)
Carbonates
Carbonates from CO2
Careers at TXL
CasaXPS
Catalyst Surface
Catalysts
Cd – Basic Spectra
Ce – Basic Spectra
Ceramics Suppliers
Charge Compensation
Charge Compensation – Biesinger
Charge Control
Charge Correction (Referencing)
Charge Referencing
Charge Referencing
Charge Referencing (CS)
Charge Referencing Problems
Charge-Control Mesh-Screen
Charging
Charging artifact
Cheat-Sheet
Checkout
Chemical Shift
Chemical Shifts
Chemical State Assignments
Chemical State Definition
Chemical State Groups, 1 GB (*.vgd)
Chemical State Identification – BE Lookup Table – Ag to Zr
Chemical State Identification – BE Lookup Table – Ag to Zr
Chemical State Peak-fits – Examples
Chemical State Spectra
Chemical State Spectra – OVERLAYS
Chemical State Spectra Peak-fits – Examples
Chemical States
Chemical States
Chemical Suppliers
Chemical Suppliers
Chemical Treatments
Chemical Treatments
Chi-Squared
Chlorides
Circular Dichroism in XPS
Cl – Basic Spectra
Clean Surface
Cleanliness of Surfaces
Client Portal
Co – Basic Spectra
Collections of XPS Spectra
Common Difficulties
Comparison of Background Types
Complex Peak-fits Explained
Components
ComPro v12 (SASJ)
Constrained Peak-fit
Consultants
Contact TXL
Contact TXL
Contact TXL
Contact TXL
Contamination
Contamination
Contract Analysis Labs
Contributing Editors
Contributing Editors
Contributors
Core Hole Lifetimes – FWHM
Corrosion
Cr – Basic Spectra
Creeping Lubricants
Crist – Handbooks of Monochromatic XPS
Crist – PDF Book of Commercially Pure Metal Oxides
Crist – PDF Book of Polymers
Crist – PDF Book of RE Oxides, Carbonates, Hydroxides, Sulfides, Nitrides…
Crist – PDF Book of Semiconductors
Crist – PDF Book of The Elements & Native Oxides
Crist – Spectra Handbook – Metal Oxides
Crist – Spectra Handbook – The Elements & Native Oxides
Crist Empirical IP eSFs – Scofield Base
Crist Handbook Series – Parameters
Crist Publications for Download
Crist Table of BEs & FWHMs
Crist Table of BEs & FWHMs
Crist Table of BEs & FWHMs
Critical Review of NIST XPS BEs
Cs – Basic Spectra
CSA Standards
Cu – Basic Spectra
Curve-fitting = Peak-fitting
Data
Data Collection Settings
Data Collection Settings
Data Collection Software
Data File Formats
Data Processing Steps
Data Processing Steps
Data Quality
Data Quality
Degradation
Degradation
Degradation due to Ar+ Ion Etching
Degradation due to Flood Gun Electrons
Degradation due to X-ray Flux
Degradation of Polymers
Deposited Gold
Deposited Gold
Deposited Gold
Deposition Methods
Depth of Information
Depth Profiling
Differential Charging
DIN Standards
DIN Standards
Documentary Standards and Guidelines
Don Baer (USA)
Downloads
Drawings and Schematics
Due to Bremsstrahlung
Due to High Vacuum
Due to Non-Mono Heat
Dy – Basic Spectra
EAG-EuroFin Application Notes
EAL, Effective Attenuation Length
Electron Configuration – Atomic Orbitals
Electronic State Info
Element Cyclopedia TEMPLATE
Element X-pedia TEMPLATE
Element XP-Cyclopedia
Endpoint Averaging
Energy loss peak
Energy Resolution
Energy Resolution (PE)
Environmental XPS
Er – Basic Spectra
ESCApe
Eu – Basic Spectra
EULA
Examples of Bad Peak-fitting
Excited States
Expert Members
Experts
Extending Spectrum Range Benefits
Extrinsic Background
F – Basic Spectra
Fe – Basic Spectra
Features
Features in Chemical State Spectra
Features in Survey Spectra
Fermi Edge
Fermi Edge (features)
FG Effect on Native Oxides
Final & Initial States
Final State Effects
flat-database-2
Flood Gun Effect on Native Oxides
Flood Gun on Native Oxides, 1 MB (plots)
Flood Gun Optimization & Alignment
Flowcharts & Guides
Fluorides
Free Membership
Free Software
Free XPS Spectra – Free XPS Software
Free XPS Spectra – ISO 14976
Frequently Asked Questions
From Auger Signals
From Survey Spectra
Future for XPS Instrument Sales
Future for XPS Instrument Sales
Future for XPS Instrument Sales
FWHM = Peak-width
FWHM = Peak-width
FWHM for Peak-fitting Chemical Compounds
FWHM for Pure Metals – Mono and Non-Mono
FWHM Information
FWHM Peak-width vs Pass Energy
FWHM Peak-width vs Pass Energy (ER)
Ga – Basic Spectra
Gas Capture of UHV Gases
Gas Phase XPS
Gas Treatments
Gaussian Lorentzian Model
Gaussian Lorentzian Models
Gaussian-Lorentzian Ratios
Gaussian-Lorentzian Ratios
Gd – Basic Spectra
Ge – Basic Spectra
GI-GO ?
GOST-R & RuStandards
Graphene Materials
Graphs and Charts
Groups as Members
gtest
H – Basic Spectra
Handbook Series, 34 MB (*.ISO, *.VMS)
Handbooks – XPS Spectra
Handbooks of XPS Spectra
HAXPES
He – Basic Spectra
Heat Treatments
HER Auger Spectra, 12 MB (*.sdp)
Hf – Basic Spectra
Hg – Basic Spectra
Hidden
High BE Endpoint
Histogram Plots of NIST BEs
Histogram Plots of NIST BEs
History of XPS
Ho – Basic Spectra
Home
Hydrocarbon Carbon (not for calibration)
Hydroxides
Hydroxides from Oxides
HyperPhysics
I – Basic Spectra
Imaging – Mapping
IMFP & AL
IMFP – Metal vs Metal Oxide
In – Basic Spectra
In-Situ Treatments
Index / Site-map
Industrial Goods, 67 MB (*.vgd)
Industrial Labs
Initial & Final States
Inside View – Analysis Chamber
Instrument Buying Guide
Instrument Component Suppliers
Instrument Components
Instrument Design
Instrument Details & Adjustments
Instrument Geometries
Instrument Makers
Instrument Makers
Instrument Operation
Instrument Service
Instrument Training by Maker
Instruments
Insulator Band Gap
Integration Endpoints
Interactive Visualizations
International Conferences – XPS
International XPS Instrument Registry (IXIR)
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Losses
Intrinsic Signal
Ion Beam Etching
Ion Etch Rate Films
Ion Etch Rate Tables
Ion Etched Elements – Capture UHV Gases
Ion Etching
Ion Etching – Ag, Au, Cu
Ion Etching Variables
Ir – Basic Spectra
ISO 18115-1:2013 XPS Terms
ISO BE Standards
ISO Standards
IXIR
IXIR Database ON-LINE
σ, SF, ASF, RSF, and e-RSF
JEOL – XPS Handbook
JIS Standards
Job Openings for XPS
Job Openings for XPS
John Moulder (USA)
John T. Grant
Journal Editors
Journals & Publishers
K – Basic Spectra
Kateryna Artyushova
Knowledge Base
Kr – Basic Spectra
Kratos – XPS Handbook
Kratos Application Notes, etc.
Kratos SFs – Scofield SFs until 1995
KSA Standards
La – Basic Spectra
Landing Page
Laser-XPS
Legal Witness
Li – Basic Spectra
Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs
Licensing by Membership
Lifetime of Clean Surfaces
Limits & Weaknesses
Linear Background
Linear Background
Linked-In people who want On-Line Self-training
Links
Links to >700 pages at TXL
List of Members
Literature Spectra (used as Reference Spectra)
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Logo’s
Lorentzian % – Excessive
Lorentzian % – Excessive
Lu – Basic Spectra
Lubricants
Makers
Mark C. Biesinger
Materials Analysis Methods – List
Matthew Linford
Member Benefits
Metal Oxides – Binary
Mg – Basic Spectra
Miscellaneous, 60 MB (*.txt)
Mn – Basic Spectra
Mo – Basic Spectra
Molybdates
Multi-Pak
Multiplet Splitting
Multiplet Splitting
Multiplet Splitting
Multiplet Splitting – 2p – Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu
Multiplet Splitting – 3s – Orbitals
Multiplet Splitting – Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu
Multiplet Splitting – La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb
Multiplet Splitting and BE Shifts
Multiplet Splitting Calculated by P. Bagus
MultiQuant – XPS
My account
My Personal Account
N – Basic Spectra
Na – Basic Spectra
NanoParticle Suppliers
National Labs and Research Institutes
Native Oxide Spectra – BE of C (1s) ?
Native Oxides
Native Oxides – Examples
Native Oxides FG ON-OFF, 5 MB (*.sdp)
Native Oxides, 16 MB, FG OFF (*.vgd)
Natural FWHM
Natural Oxidation
Nb – Basic Spectra
Nd – Basic Spectra
Ne – Basic Spectra
Neal Fairley (UK)
Necsa-Bio Polymers, 2 MB (*.mrs)
Negligence
News
Ni – Basic Spectra
Niobates
NIST BEs
Nitrides
Noise
Noisy Data – Coal
Noisy Data – Ni metal
O – Basic Spectra
Old Links
On-Site Professional Teachers
On-Site Professional Teachers
One Electron Approximation
Operating Conditions
Original S-Probe, 90 MB (*.mrs)
Os – Basic Spectra
Our Sponsors
Overlaid Chemical State Spectra – Examples
Overlapping Doublets – Sulfur
Overlapping Peaks
Overlapping Peaks
Overlapping Peaks
Oxidation Treatments
P – Basic Spectra
Partnerships & Sponsorships
Pass Energies: 5-300 eV
Paul S. Bagus
Pb – Basic Spectra
Pd – Basic Spectra
PDMS – Silicone Oil
Peak Area Ratios – PET
Peak Area vs Background Endpoints
Peak Base and Top
Peak-fit Examples
Peak-fit Models
Peak-fit Quality
Peak-Fit Review Service
Peak-fits of Principal Signals – Elements
Peak-fitted Spectra Examples
Peak-fitting = Curve-fitting
Peak-fitting a Single O (1s) Peak
Peak-fitting a Single O (1s) Peak – Easy!
Peak-fitting Flow-Chart
Peak-fitting Guides
Peak-fitting Process – Examples
Peak-fitting Process – Examples
Peak-fitting Results
Peak-fitting Variables
Peak-shape – Example #1
Peak-shape – Example #1
Peak-Shapes (charging)
Peak-Shapes (charging)
Peak-Shapes (G, L, V)
Peak-Shapes (G, L, V)
Peak-Shapes (G, L, V)
Peak-Shapes (G, L, V)
Performance vs Specification
Periodic Table of BEs
Periodic Tables
Perovskite Suppliers
Peroxides
PHI – XPS Handbook of Spectra – The Elements
PHI – XPS Handbooks
PHI Handbook Pages
PHI Handbook Spectra, 6 MB (*.spe)
Phosphates
Photoelectron BE Diagrams
Photoemission Process
Photos of Samples
Physics & Theory
Physics of XPS
Physics of XPS
Plasma Treatments
Plasmon Loss Peaks
Plasmon Loss Peaks (features)
Plasmon or Shake-up – Which?
Plots Comparing SFs
Polymer Spectra
Polymer Suppliers
Polymers, 46 MB (*.sdp)
Polymers2
Posters & InfoGraphics
PPT / PDF Presentations
Pr – Basic Spectra
Precision
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Pt – Basic Spectra
Pt overlaps Al – ratios
Publishing XPS Data
Publishing XPS Data
Publishing XPS Data
Publishing XPS Data
Publishing XPS Data
Publishing XPS Experimental Details – Journals
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Pure Element – Survey Spectra + L
Pure Element Spectra – Main Signals
Pure Element Spectra – Survey Scans
Pure Elements
Pure Single Crystal – CaCO3 (Calcite)
Quantification – Atom%s
Quantification – Atom%s
Quantification – Atom%s
Quantification – Atom%s
Quantum Mechanics of XPS
Quases
Rare Earth Materials…, 36 MB (*.vgd)
Rare Earth Metals – Principle
Rare Earth Suppliers
Rb – Basic Spectra
Re – Basic Spectra
Reference Materials
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Reliable BEs ?
Reliable Peak-fits ?
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Rh – Basic Spectra
Ru – Basic Spectra
S – Basic Spectra
s, p, d, f Peak-widths
S-Probe, 200 MB (*.mrs, ASCII)
Sample (Specimen)
Sample (specimen) Handling
Sample (specimen) History
Sample (specimen) Storage
Sample Degradation
Sample Mount Charge-up
Sample Mounts
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Sample Preparation Bench
Sample Preparation Methods
Sample Size, Shape & Form
Satellite Peaks?
Sb – Basic Spectra
Sb overlaps O – ratios
Sc – Basic Spectra
Scattering Effects
SCE Values
Scofield SFs – Al X-rays – Crist Modified for Thermo K-Alpha
Scofield SFs – Al X-rays – Theoretically Calculated – Central Field Potential – SCF
Scofield SFs – Al X-rays – Thermo Modified
SDP_v8 software
Se – Basic Spectra
Selenides
SEM-EDS Information Depth
Semiconductor Suppliers
Sessa
SF Table #6
Shake-up – Cu (2+) vs Cu (1+)
Shake-up – pi to pi*
Shake-up peaks
Shake-up Structures
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Shirley Background
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Si – Basic Spectra
Signal-to-Noise (S/N)
Silicates
Silicides
Simple Peak-fit Examples
Simple Peak-fit Examples 2
Single Crystal Suppliers
Single Crystal Suppliers
Single Crystals, 240 MB (*.vgd)
Single Xtals, 2D, Graphene, Nano, Perovskite
SiS Standards
Sm – Basic Spectra
Smoothing – Bad vs OK
Sn – Basic Spectra
Software
Software Operation
Source of Spectra in The XPS Library
SpecMaster Pro, 1.8 GB (*.sdp)
SpecMaster, 527 MB (*.sdp)
Spectra Data Processor (SDP) – 1 yr Free Use
Spectra Data Processor v7 – Training Videos
Spectra Examples
Spectra Handbooks
Spectra-Bases #1
Spectra-Bases #2
Spin-Orbit Coupling
Spin-Orbit Coupling
Spin-Orbit Coupling
Sr – Basic Spectra
SRD 64 Electron Elastic Scattering Cross-Sections
SRD 71 Electron IMFP Database
SRD 82 Electron EAL Database
Standards
Statistics
Sticking Coefficients
Store
Strategic Partners
Sub-Structure
Subscriptions
Sulfates
Sulfides
Sulfides from H2S (air)
Summaries of BE Tables – NIST
Summaries of BE Tables – NIST
Super Coster-Kronig Effect – Ti (2p1) in TiO2
Surface Charging
Surface Chemical Reaction
Surface Chemistry
Surface Contaminants
Surface Photo-Chemistry
Surface Reactivity
Surface Science Western (UWO) Application Notes
SurfaceSpectra – XPS Handbook of Polymer Spectra
Survey Spectra Examples
Sven Tougaard
Synchrotron Labs
Synchrotrons
Synchrotrons for XPS
Synthetic Peaks
Ta – Basic Spectra
Tables & Guides
Tb – Basic Spectra
Tc – Basic Spectra
Te – Basic Spectra
Teaching Members
Team
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Tellurides
Temp
Terms & Phrases for XPS
Terms of Use
Tesla Coil Irradiation
Tesla Coil Irradiation Effects
TEST
Test Page
Tests of RSFs
Th – Basic Spectra
The History of XPS
Thermo Application Notes
Thermo K-Alpha XPS
Thermo’s Modified Scofield SFs Al X-rays
Thickness Estimates
Ti – Basic Spectra
Titanates
Tl – Basic Spectra
Tm – Basic Spectra
ToF-SIMS Information Depth
Too Many Peaks – O (1s) – native SiOx
Tougaard Backgound
Tougaard Background
Tougaard Background
TPP-2M and IMFPs
TPP-2M IMFP Calculator
Trace level signals
Training & Videos
Translate TXL Website to Your Language
Translate TXL Website to Your Language
Transmission Function
Transmission Function
Trouble-Shooter Pro
Troubleshooting
Tungstates
TXL #2, 2.0 GB (*.vgd)
TXL HQ IP-eSF, 340 MB (*.vgd)
TXL Members
TXL Misc, 60 MB, (*.vgd)
TXL Store
TXL Ultimate, 3 GB (*.txt, *.sdp, *.vgd)
U – Basic Spectra
UHV Gas Capture, 1 MB (3d plots)
UKSAF Links
Ulvac-PHI Application Notes
Ulvac-PHI ASFs
Ulvac-PHI ASFs – March 2002
Ulvac-PHI SFs as Plots
Unifit
University Labs
Useful Websites
V – Basic Spectra
Valence Band Examples
Valence Band Spectra – Elements
Valence Band, 3 MB (*.txt, *.sdp)
Vanadates
Vegh Background
VG Eclipse Database, 9 MB (*.dts)
Vibrational Bands – Gases & Polymers
Video of Website Menus
Videos of TXL Website
Vincent Fernandez
Vincent S. Smentkowski (USA)
Vocabulary
Voigt Peak-shape
W – Basic Spectra
Wagner Book of XPS BEs (NIST)
Wagner SFs – Al X-rays – PHI Modified for 5800 Omni-5
Wagner SFs – Al X-rays – PHI Modified for MultiPak v8
Wagner SFs – Al X-rays – Empirically Defined : F (1s)=1.0 vs C (1s)=1.0
Wagner’s Original ASFs
Wall Charts & Wall Posters
Website Menus Display
Wikipedia – XPS
Work Functions of Elements
X-pedia for Elements
X-ray Beam Alignment
X-ray Beam Size
X-ray Data Booklet – LBL
X-ray Degradation of Polymers, 1 MB (*.sdp)
X-ray Energies
X-ray Energies
X-ray Sources
XI – Application Notes
XI Sample Spectra
XML Site-Map of The XPS Library
XPS
XPS (.SDP format) 7304 data-sets
XPS (.SDP format) 7304 data-sets
XPS (.VMS, .ISO, .TXT) 3177 data-sets
XPS (.VMS, .ISO, .TXT) 3177 data-sets
XPS (.VMS, .ISO, .TXT) 3177 data-sets
XPS Analysis Service by XPS Metrology LLC
XPS Basics
XPS Basics
XPS BE On-line Database – NIST
XPS by Element
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XPS Detection Limits
XPS Instruments, Components & Parts Makers
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XPS Jobs at XPS Makers
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XPS Labs around the World
XPS Library – SEO TERMS
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XPS Papers – NIST
XPS Peak-fitting MOVIES
XPS Simplified, 14 MB (*.vgd)
XPS Spectra & AES Spectra Libraries
XPS Theory
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Y – Basic Spectra
Yb – Basic Spectra
Your Suggestions – Your Ideas to improve TXL
Zn – Basic Spectra
Zr – Basic Spectra
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