From Survey Spectra
We can often determine large differences in chemical states directly from the BEs measured from Survey Spectra after charge referencing C (1s) to appear at ~285 eV.
Examples:
- S (2p) example:  Sulfides (S 2-) appear at ~162 eV.           S-S appear at ~164 eV.                    Sulfates (SO4 2-) appear at ~168 eV.
- F (1s) example:   F-carbons appear between 688-692 eV.      F-metal appears at ~684-687 eV.
- C (1s) example:   C-C appears at ~285 eV.                   CO3 (carbonate) appears at ~289 eV.       Carbide (C2-) appears at ~283 eV
- Cl (2p) example:  Cl-C appears at ~199 eV.                   Cl-metal appear at ~197 eV.
- N (1s) example:  N as nitride appears 396-398 eV            N as organic amine appears at 399-400 eV  N as NH4 appears at 401.0-402.0    N as NOx appear between 403-408 eV
- Si (2p) example:Â Si element appears 99.2-99.8 eV (doping)Â Â Â Si as PDMS appears at 102.5 eVÂ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Si as SiO2 appears 103.4-103.8 eV