Chemical State Spectra – OVERLAYS (Ag – Zr)
This series of OVERLAYS of Chemical State Spectra shows the “chemical shifts” between different chemical states (species) for each element. These shifts are due to differences in electron polarization in the bond between the two chemical states (groups, species).
True insulators were charge referenced (corrected) so that the hydrocarbon form of adventitious carbon appears at 285.0 eV.
Electron polarization is related to “electronegativity”. When you compare the differences in electronegativity between two different atoms that are bonded then you will understand part of the reason for the “chemical shifts”. Chemical shifts are valuable to scientists using XPS because allow us to understand differences in “chemical states”.
This collection of spectra includes: overlays of two related chemicals, spectra of pure elements, spectra of metal oxides and more. The various spectra will help you to understand more about Chemical States.
You will see differences in FWHMs and BEs for pure elements versus their oxides, fluoride …
Ag, Silver
Ag, Silver
Al, Aluminum
Al, Aluminum
Ar, Argon
Ar, Argon
As, Arsenic
As, Arsenic
Au, Gold
Au, Gold
B, Boron
B, Boron
Ba, Barium
Ba, Barium
Be, Beryllium
Be, Beryllium
Bi, Bismuth
Br, Bromine
Br, Bromine
C, Carbon
C, Carbon
Ca, Calcium
Ca, Calcium
Cd, Cadmium
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Cd, Cadmium
Ce, Cerium
Ce, Cerium
Cl, Chlorine
Cl, Chlorine
Co, Cobalt
Co, Cobalt
Cr, Chromium
Cr, Chromium
Cs, Cesium
Cs, Cesium
Cu, Copper
Cu, Copper
Dy, Dysprosium
Dy, Dysprosium
Er, Erbium
Er, Erbium
Eu, Europium
Eu, Europium
F, Fluorine
F, Fluorine
Fe, Iron
Fe, Iron
Ga, Gallium
Ga, Gallium
Ge, Germanium
Ge, Germanium
Gd, Gadolinium
Gd, Gadolinium
Hf, Hafnium
Hf, Hafnium
Hg, Mercury
Hg, Mercury
Ho, Holmium
Ho, Holmium
I, Iodine
I, Iodine
In, Indium
In, Indium
Ir, Iridium
Ir, Iridium
K, Potassium
K, Potassium
Kr, Krypton
Kr, Krypton
La, Lanthanum
La, Lanthanum
Li, Lithium
Li, Lithium
Lu, Lutetium
Lu, Lutetium
Mg, Magnesium
Mg, Magnesium
Mn, Manganese
Mn, Manganese
Mo, Molybdenum
Mo, Molybdenum
N, Nitrogen
N, Nitrogen
Na, Sodium
Na, Sodium
Nb, Niobium
Nb, Niobium
Nd, Neodymium
Nd, Neodymium
Ni, Nickel
Ni, Nickel
O, Oxygen
O, Oxygen
Os, Osmium
Os, Osmium
P, Phosphorus
P, Phosphorus
Pb, Lead
Pb, Lead
Pd, Palladium
Pd, Palladium
Pr, Praseodymium
Pr, Praseodymium
Pt, Platinum
Pt, Platinum
Rb, Rubidium
Rb, Rubidium
Re, Rhenium
Re, Rhenium
Rh, Rhodium
Rh, Rhodium
Ru, Ruthenium
Ru, Ruthenium
S, Sulfur
S, Sulfur
Sb, Antimony
Sb, Antimony
Sc, Scandium
Sc, Scandium
Se, Selenium
Se, Selenium
Si, Silicon
Si, Silicon
Sm, Samarium
Sm, Samarium
Sn, Tin
Sn, Tin
Sr, Strontium
Sr, Strontium
Ta, Tantalum
Ta, Tantalum
Tb, Terbium
Tb, Terbium
Te, Tellurium
Te, Tellurium
Th, Thorium
Th, Thorium
Ti, Titanium
Ti, Titanium
Tl, Thallium
Tl, Thallium
U, Uranium
V, Vanadium
V, Vanadium
W, Tungsten
W, Tungsten
Xe, Xenon
Xe, Xenon
Y, Yttrium
Y, Yttrium
Yb, Ytterbium
Yb, Ytterbium
Zn, Zinc
Zn, Zinc
Zr, Zirconium
Zr, Zirconium