Chemical State Spectra – OVERLAYS (Ag – Zr)

This series of OVERLAYS of Chemical State Spectra shows the “chemical shifts” between different chemical states (species) for each element. These shifts are due to differences in electron polarization in the bond between the two chemical states (groups, species).

True insulators were charge referenced (corrected) so that the hydrocarbon form of adventitious carbon appears at 285.0 eV.

Electron polarization is related to “electronegativity”. When you compare the differences in electronegativity between two different atoms that are bonded then you will understand part of the reason for the “chemical shifts”. Chemical shifts are valuable to scientists using XPS because allow us to understand differences in “chemical states”.

This collection of spectra includes: overlays of two related chemicals, spectra of pure elements, spectra of metal oxides and more. The various spectra will help you to understand more about Chemical States.

You will see differences in FWHMs and BEs for pure elements versus their oxides, fluoride …