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Handbooks of XPS Spectra
B Vincent Crist PhD
2025-11-28T22:46:52-08:00
Handbooks of XPS Spectra
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*** International BE Calibration – Status Reports
*** TEMPLATE – 3 column tables
***BE CALIBRATION – RULES
***BE CALIBRATION – RULES
**PEAK-FITTING – FACTS, RULES & GUIDELINES
**PEAK-FITTING – FACTS, RULES & GUIDELINES
**Plot Examples
*Accuracy Limits – LiF as example
*COPYRIGHTS RESERVED
*Suggestions
*Table of RSFs – Normalized Scofield SFs
..NIST-BEs..
.Application Notes
.Background
.BE Scale Calibration
.BE Tables
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.Charge Control
.Charge Referencing
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.Data Quality
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.Peak-fitting = Curve-fitting
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2D Materials Suppliers
6 Tables of Sensitivity Factors
AAnalyzer
Abbe Criterion
About The XPS Library
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Addify add to quote
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Advanced Interpretation of XPS
Advanced Peak-fitting Examples
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Advantages of XPS
Adventitious Carbon
Adventitious Carbon
Adventitious Carbon
AES (.SDP, .NPL, .VMS) 2281 data-sets
AES (.SDP, .NPL, .VMS) 2281 data-sets
AFNOR Standards
Ag – Basic Spectra
Al – Basic Spectra
Alberto Herrera Gomez
Alloy & Stainless Steel Samples Kit
amCharts v4 test
Anatomy / Features of Chemical State Spectra
Anatomy / Features of Survey Spectra
Angels who Donated
Anti-Static, Anti-Caking
Application Notes ©
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Ar – Basic Spectra
AR-XPS
As – Basic Spectra
Assigning Chemical States
ASTM Standards
Asymmetric tail
Asymmetry
Atom% & Shake-up
Atom% gives Empirical Formula
Au – Basic Spectra
Auger (AES) Information Depth
Auger Parameter
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Auger Spectra from XPS – Examples
Avantage
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© 2019, Copyrights
B – Basic Spectra
B. Vincent Crist
B. Vincent Crist – Founder
Background – Active Fitting
Background baseline
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Background Endpoints
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Background Shapes for Peak-fitting
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Bad Peak-fits Explained
Bad Peak-fits Explained
Bad Peak-fits Published in Journals – Explained
Bad Peak-fitting Example
Bad Peak-fitting Example – Ni (2p3)
Bad Peak-fitting or Good Peak-fitting
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Bagus Papers
BAM Standards
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Band Gaps from Spectra
Baselines for Peak-fitting (S, L, T)
Be – Basic Spectra
BE Calibration – History
BE Calibration Values
BE Lookup Table
BE RELIABILITY – VITAL
BE Reliability Problem
BE Table – Atomic # Order
Beam Alignment
Bi – Basic Spectra
bi-Carbonates
Biesinger SFs
Binary Oxides, 46 MB (*.sdp)
Block WooCommerce Plugins
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Borates
Borides
Br – Basic Spectra
BSI Standards
Bubble Chart for Peak-fitting
C – Basic Spectra
C. Richard Brundle
C. Richard Brundle
Ca – Basic Spectra
Calculated IMFP Values
Calibration Checks – Validation
Calibration Metals
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Carbides
Carbon KLL Auger, 2 MB (*.sdp)
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Carbonates from CO2
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Ceramics Suppliers
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Checkout
Chemical Shift
Chemical Shifts
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Chemical State Definition
Chemical State Groups, 1 GB (*.vgd)
Chemical State Identification – BE Lookup Table – Ag to Zr
Chemical State Identification – BE Lookup Table – Ag to Zr
Chemical State Peak-fits – Examples
Chemical State Spectra
Chemical State Spectra – OVERLAYS
Chemical State Spectra Peak-fits – Examples
Chemical Suppliers
Chemical Suppliers
Chemical Treatments
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Chi-Squared
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Circular Dichroism in XPS
Cl – Basic Spectra
Clean Surface
Cleanliness of Surfaces
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ComPro v12 (SASJ)
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Contamination
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Contributing Editors
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Core Hole Lifetimes – FWHM
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Cr – Basic Spectra
Creeping Lubricants
Crist – Handbooks of Monochromatic XPS
Crist – PDF Book of Semiconductors
Crist – PDF Book of The Elements & Native Oxides
Crist – Spectra Handbook – Metal Oxides
Crist – Spectra Handbook – The Elements & Native Oxides
Crist Empirical IP eSFs – Scofield Base
Crist Handbook Series – Parameters
Crist Publications for Download
Crist Table of BEs & FWHMs
Crist Table of BEs & FWHMs
Crist Table of BEs & FWHMs
Critical Review of NIST XPS BEs
Cs – Basic Spectra
CSA Standards
Cu – Basic Spectra
Curve-fitting = Peak-fitting
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Degradation of Polymers
demonstration
Deposited Gold
Deposited Gold
Deposited Gold
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DIN Standards
DIN Standards
Documentary Standards and Guidelines
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Due to Bremsstrahlung
Due to High Vacuum
Due to Non-Mono Heat
Dy – Basic Spectra
EAG-EuroFin Application Notes
EAL, Effective Attenuation Length
Electron Configuration – Atomic Orbitals
Electronic State Info
Element Cyclopedia TEMPLATE
Element X-pedia TEMPLATE
Endpoint Averaging
Energy loss peak
Energy Resolution
Energy Resolution (PE)
Enter My Billing Address
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Environmental XPS
Er – Basic Spectra
ESCApe
Eu – Basic Spectra
EULA
Examples of Bad Peak-fitting
Excited States
Extending Spectrum Range Benefits
Extrinsic Background
F – Basic Spectra
Fe – Basic Spectra
Features in Chemical State Spectra
Features in Survey Spectra
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Fermi Edge (features)
FG Effect on Native Oxides
Final & Initial States
Final State Effects
flat-database-2
Flood Gun Effect on Native Oxides
Flood Gun on Native Oxides, 1 MB (plots)
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Free XPS Spectra – ISO 14976
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Future for XPS Instrument Sales
Future for XPS Instrument Sales
Future for XPS Instrument Sales
FWHM = Peak-width
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FWHM for Peak-fitting Chemical Compounds
FWHM for Pure Metals – Mono and Non-Mono
FWHM Peak-width vs Pass Energy
FWHM Peak-width vs Pass Energy (ER)
Ga – Basic Spectra
Gas Capture of UHV Gases
Gas Phase XPS
Gas Treatments
Gaussian Lorentzian Model
Gaussian Lorentzian Models
Gaussian-Lorentzian Ratios
Gaussian-Lorentzian Ratios
Gd – Basic Spectra
Ge – Basic Spectra
GI-GO ?
GOST-R & RuStandards
Graphene Materials
Graphs and Charts
gtest
H – Basic Spectra
Handbook Series, 34 MB (*.ISO, *.VMS)
Handbooks – XPS Spectra
Handbooks of XPS Spectra
HAXPES
He – Basic Spectra
Heat Treatments
HER Auger Spectra, 12 MB (*.sdp)
Hf – Basic Spectra
Hg – Basic Spectra
Hidden – Grant
High BE Endpoint
Histogram Plots of NIST BEs
Histogram Plots of NIST BEs
History of XPS
Ho – Basic Spectra
Home with NO links
Home-Test
Hydrocarbon Carbon (not for calibration)
Hydroxides
Hydroxides from Oxides
HyperPhysics
HyperPhysics
I – Basic Spectra
Images of 45 True Menus
Imaging – Mapping
IMFP & AL
IMFP – Metal vs Metal Oxide
In – Basic Spectra
In-Situ Treatments
Industrial Goods, 67 MB (*.vgd)
Industrial Labs
Initial & Final States
Inside View – Analysis Chamber
Installation Screen for SDP
Instrument Buying Guide
Instrument Component Suppliers
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Instrument Design
Instrument Details & Adjustments
Instrument Geometries
Instrument Makers
Instrument Operation
Instrument Training by Maker
Insulator Band Gap
Integration Endpoints
Interactive Visualizations
International Conferences – XPS
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Losses
Intrinsic Signal
Ion Beam Etching
Ion Etch Rate Films
Ion Etch Rate Tables
Ion Etched Elements – Capture UHV Gases
Ion Etching
Ion Etching – Ag, Au, Cu
Ion Etching Variables
Ir – Basic Spectra
ISO 18115-1:2013 XPS Terms
ISO BE Standards
ISO Standards
IXIR
IXIR Database ON-LINE
JEOL – XPS Handbook
JIS Standards
Job Openings for XPS
John Moulder (USA)
John T. Grant
Journal Editors
Journals & Publishers
K – Basic Spectra
Kateryna Artyushova
Knowledge Base
Koster-Kronig Effect – Ti (2p1) in TiO2
Kr – Basic Spectra
Kratos – XPS Handbook
Kratos Application Notes, etc.
Kratos SFs – Scofield SFs until 1995
KSA Standards
La – Basic Spectra
Laser-XPS
Legal Witness
Li – Basic Spectra
Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs
Lifetime of Clean Surfaces
Limits & Weaknesses
Linear Background
Linear Background
Linked-In people who want On-Line Self-training
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Literature Spectra (used as Reference Spectra)
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Lorentzian % – Excessive
Lorentzian % – Excessive
Lost Password
Lu – Basic Spectra
Lubricants
Make Your Personal Password
Mark C. Biesinger
Materials Analysis Methods – List
Matthew Linford
Metal Oxides – Binary
Mg – Basic Spectra
Miscellaneous, 60 MB (*.txt)
Mission Statement
Mn – Basic Spectra
Mo – Basic Spectra
Molybdates
Multi-Pak
Multiplet Splitting
Multiplet Splitting
Multiplet Splitting
Multiplet Splitting – 2p – Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu
Multiplet Splitting – 3s – Orbitals
Multiplet Splitting – Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu
Multiplet Splitting – La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb
Multiplet Splitting and BE Shifts
Multiplet Splitting Calculated by P. Bagus
MultiQuant – XPS
My Account
My Subscription
N – Basic Spectra
Na – Basic Spectra
NanoParticle Suppliers
National Labs and Research Institutes
Native Oxide Spectra – BE of C (1s) ?
Native Oxides
Native Oxides – Examples
Native Oxides FG ON-OFF, 5 MB (*.sdp)
Native Oxides, 16 MB, FG OFF (*.vgd)
Natural FWHM
Natural Oxidation
Nb – Basic Spectra
Nd – Basic Spectra
Ne – Basic Spectra
Neal Fairley (UK)
Necsa-Bio Polymers, 2 MB (*.mrs)
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Ni – Basic Spectra
Niobates
Nitrides
Noise
Noisy Data – Coal
Noisy Data – Ni metal
O – Basic Spectra
Old Links
On-Site Professional Teachers
On-Site Professional Teachers
One Electron Approximation
Operating Conditions
Original S-Probe, 90 MB (*.mrs)
Os – Basic Spectra
Our Sponsors
Overlaid Chemical State Spectra – Examples
Overlapping Doublets – Sulfur
Overlapping Peaks
Overlapping Peaks
Overlapping Peaks
Oxidation Treatments
P – Basic Spectra
Partnerships & Sponsorships
Pass Energies: 5-300 eV
Paul S. Bagus
Pb – Basic Spectra
Pd – Basic Spectra
PDF Book of Polymers – Vol 4
PDF Book of RE Oxides, Carbonates, Hydroxides, Sulfides, Nitrides… Vol 5
PDF HandBook of Commercially Pure Metal Oxides – Vol 2
PDF Spectra-Books
PDMS – Silicone Oil
Peak Area Ratios – PET
Peak Area vs Background Endpoints
Peak Base and Top
Peak-fit Examples
Peak-fit Quality
Peak-fits Ex.
Peak-fits of Principal Signals – Elements
Peak-fitted Spectra Examples
Peak-fitting a Single O (1s) Peak
Peak-fitting a Single O (1s) Peak – Easy!
Peak-fitting Flow-Chart
Peak-fitting Guides
peak-fitting of spectra
Peak-fitting Process – Examples
Peak-fitting Process – Examples
Peak-fitting Results
Peak-fitting Variables
Peak-shape – Example #1
Peak-shape – Example #1
Peak-Shapes (charging)
Peak-Shapes (charging)
Peak-Shapes (G, L, V)
Peak-Shapes (G, L, V)
Peak-Shapes (G, L, V)
Peak-Shapes (G, L, V)
Performance vs Specification
Periodic Table of BEs
Periodic Tables
Perovskite Suppliers
Peroxides
PHI – XPS Handbook of Spectra – The Elements
PHI – XPS Handbooks
PHI Handbook Pages
PHI Handbook Spectra, 6 MB (*.spe)
Phosphates
Photoelectron BE Diagrams
Photoemission Process
Photos of Samples
Physics & Theory
Physics of XPS
Physics of XPS
Plasma Treatments
Plasmon Loss Peaks
Plasmon Loss Peaks (features)
Plasmon or Shake-up – Which?
Plots Comparing SFs
Polymer Spectra
Polymer Suppliers
Polymers, 46 MB (*.sdp)
Polymers2
PPT / PDF Presentations
Pr – Basic Spectra
Precision
Press Center
Privacy Policy
Products
Professional Teachers
Professors who Donated
Protected HOME
Pt – Basic Spectra
Pt overlaps Al – ratios
Publishing XPS Data
Publishing XPS Data
Publishing XPS Data
Publishing XPS Data
Publishing XPS Data
Publishing XPS Experimental Details – Journals
Purchase Subscription
Pure Element – Survey Spectra + L
Pure Element Spectra – Main Signals
Pure Element Spectra – Survey Scans
Pure Elements
Pure Single Crystal – CaCO3 (Calcite)
Quality & Reliability
Quantification – Atom%s
Quantification – Atom%s
Quantification – Atom%s
Quantum Mechanics of XPS
Quases
quotation cart
Quote Received
Rare Earth Materials…, 36 MB (*.vgd)
Rare Earth Metals – Principle
Rare Earth Suppliers
Rb – Basic Spectra
Re – Basic Spectra
Reference Materials
Refund & Refund Policy
Refund and Returns Policy
Refund Policy
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Registered Members
Registration
Reliable BEs ?
Reliable Peak-fits ?
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Request a Quote
Rh – Basic Spectra
Ru – Basic Spectra
S – Basic Spectra
s, p, d, f Peak-widths
S-Probe, 200 MB (*.mrs, ASCII)
Sample (specimen) Handling
Sample (specimen) History
Sample (specimen) Storage
Sample Degradation
Sample Mount Charge-up
Sample Mounts
Sample Prep Equipment
Sample Preparation Bench
Sample Preparation Methods
Sample Size, Shape & Form
Satellite Peaks?
Sb – Basic Spectra
Sb overlaps O – ratios
Sc – Basic Spectra
Scattering Effects
SCE Values
Scofield SFs – Al X-rays – Crist Modified for Thermo K-Alpha
Scofield SFs – Al X-rays – Theoretically Calculated – Central Field Potential – SCF
Scofield SFs – Al X-rays – Thermo Modified
SDP v8 software
SDP v9.0 Software Capabilities
Se – Basic Spectra
Selenides
Self-consistent
Self-Consistent by Design
SEM-EDS Information Depth
Semiconductor Suppliers
Sessa
SF Table #6
Shake-up – Cu (2+) vs Cu (1+)
Shake-up – pi to pi*
Shake-up peaks
Shake-up Structures
Sherwood & Proctor Background
Shirley Background
Shirley Background
Shop
Si – Basic Spectra
Signal-to-Noise (S/N)
Silicates
Silicides
Simple Peak-fit Examples
Simple Peak-fit Examples 2
Single Crystal Suppliers
Single Crystal Suppliers
Single Crystals, 240 MB (*.vgd)
Single Xtals, 2D, Graphene, Nano, Perovskite
SiS Standards
Sm – Basic Spectra
Smoothing – Bad vs OK
Sn – Basic Spectra
Software Operation
Source of Spectra in The XPS Library
SpecMaster Pro, 1.8 GB (*.sdp)
SpecMaster, 527 MB (*.sdp)
Spectra Databases
Spectra Examples
Spectra-Bases #1
Spin-Orbit Coupling
Spin-Orbit Coupling
Spin-Orbit Coupling
Sr – Basic Spectra
SRD 64 Electron Elastic Scattering Cross-Sections
SRD 71 Electron IMFP Database
SRD 82 Electron EAL Database
Statistics
Sticking Coefficients
Strategic Partners
Sub-Structure
Sulfates
Sulfides
Sulfides from H2S (air)
Summaries of BE Tables – NIST
Summaries of BE Tables – NIST
Super Coster-Kronig Effect – Ti (2p1) in TiO2
Suppliers – new version
Suppliers – ORIGINAL RAW vers
Surface Charging
Surface Chemical Reaction
Surface Contaminants
Surface Photo-Chemistry
Surface Reactivity
Surface Science Western (UWO) Application Notes
Sven Tougaard
Synchrotrons
Synchrotrons for XPS
Synthetic Peaks
Ta – Basic Spectra
Tables & Guides
Tb – Basic Spectra
Tc – Basic Spectra
Te – Basic Spectra
Team
Technical Support
Tellurides
Temp
TEMP TXL
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Tesla Coil Irradiation
Tesla Coil Irradiation Effects
TEST
test page
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Testimonials & Publications
Tests of RSFs
Th – Basic Spectra
The History of XPS
Thermo Application Notes
Thermo K-Alpha XPS
Thermo’s Modified Scofield SFs Al X-rays
Thickness Estimates
Ti – Basic Spectra
Titanates
Tl – Basic Spectra
Tm – Basic Spectra
ToF-SIMS Information Depth
Too Many Peaks – O (1s) – native SiOx
Tougaard Background
Tougaard Background
Tougaard Background
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TXL Misc, 60 MB, (*.vgd)
TXL Ultimate, 3 GB (*.txt, *.sdp, *.vgd)
U – Basic Spectra
UHV Gas Capture, 1 MB (3d plots)
UKSAF Links
Ulvac-PHI Application Notes
Ulvac-PHI ASFs
Ulvac-PHI ASFs – March 2002
Ulvac-PHI SFs as Plots
Unifit
University Labs
Useful Websites
V – Basic Spectra
Valence Band Examples
Valence Band Spectra – Elements
Valence Band, 3 MB (*.txt, *.sdp)
Vanadates
Vegh Background
VG Eclipse Database, 9 MB (*.dts)
Vibrational Bands – Gases & Polymers
Video of Website Menus
Vincent Fernandez
Vincent S. Smentkowski (USA)
Voigt Peak-shape
W – Basic Spectra
Wagner Book of XPS BEs (NIST)
Wagner SFs – Al X-rays – PHI Modified for 5800 Omni-5
Wagner SFs – Al X-rays – PHI Modified for MultiPak v8
Wagner SFs – Al X-rays – Empirically Defined : F (1s)=1.0 vs C (1s)=1.0
Wagner’s Original ASFs
Website Menus Display
When we publish XPS data
Wikipedia – XPS
Work Functions of Elements
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X-ray Beam Alignment
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X-ray Data Booklet – LBL
X-ray Degradation of Polymers, 1 MB (*.sdp)
X-ray Energies
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XI – Application Notes
XI Sample Spectra
XML Site-Map of The XPS Library
XPS (.SDP format) 7304 data-sets
XPS (.SDP format) 7304 data-sets
XPS (.VGD) 7113 data-sets
XPS (.VGD) 7113 data-sets
XPS (.VMS, .ISO, .TXT) 3177 data-sets
XPS (.VMS, .ISO, .TXT) 3177 data-sets
XPS (.VMS, .ISO, .TXT) 3177 data-sets
XPS Analysis Service by XPS Metrology LLC
XPS Basics
XPS BE On-line Database – NIST
XPS by Element
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XPS Detection Limits
XPS Detection Limits
XPS Instruments, Components & Parts Makers
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XPS Jobs at XPS Makers
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XPS Library – SEO TERMS
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Y – Basic Spectra
Yb – Basic Spectra
Your Suggestions – Your Ideas to improve TXL
Zn – Basic Spectra
Zr – Basic Spectra
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*** International BE Calibration – Status Reports
*** TEMPLATE – 3 column tables
***BE CALIBRATION – RULES
***BE CALIBRATION – RULES
**PEAK-FITTING – FACTS, RULES & GUIDELINES
**PEAK-FITTING – FACTS, RULES & GUIDELINES
**Plot Examples
*Accuracy Limits – LiF as example
*COPYRIGHTS RESERVED
*Suggestions
*Table of RSFs – Normalized Scofield SFs
..NIST-BEs..
.Application Notes
.Background
.BE Scale Calibration
.BE Tables
.Binding Energy (BE) Scale Calibration
.Charge Control
.Charge Referencing
.Charging
.Chemical States
.Chemical States
.Data
.Data Quality
.Data Quality
.Degradation
.Degradation
.Depth of Information
.Experts
.Features
.FWHM Information
.Instrument Makers
.Instrument Service
.Instruments
.σ, SF, ASF, RSF, and e-RSF
.Makers
.Peak-fit Models
.Peak-fitting = Curve-fitting
.Posters & InfoGraphics
.PURCHASE PAGE
.Quantification – Atom%s
.Sample (Specimen)
.Software
.Spectra Handbooks
.Spectra-Bases #2
.Standards
.Surface Chemistry
.Survey Spectra Examples
.True Home
.True Home w Full Menu
.Vocabulary
.Wall Charts & Wall Posters
.XPS
.XPS Basics
.XPS Labs
2D Materials Suppliers
6 Tables of Sensitivity Factors
AAnalyzer
Abbe Criterion
About The XPS Library
Accuracy
Addify add to quote
Ads
Advanced Interpretation of XPS
Advanced Peak-fitting Examples
Advanced XPS
Advantages of XPS
Adventitious Carbon
Adventitious Carbon
Adventitious Carbon
AES (.SDP, .NPL, .VMS) 2281 data-sets
AES (.SDP, .NPL, .VMS) 2281 data-sets
AFNOR Standards
Ag – Basic Spectra
Al – Basic Spectra
Alberto Herrera Gomez
Alloy & Stainless Steel Samples Kit
amCharts v4 test
Anatomy / Features of Chemical State Spectra
Anatomy / Features of Survey Spectra
Angels who Donated
Anti-Static, Anti-Caking
Application Notes ©
Application Notes from Makers
Applications
Ar – Basic Spectra
AR-XPS
As – Basic Spectra
Assigning Chemical States
ASTM Standards
Asymmetric tail
Asymmetry
Atom% & Shake-up
Atom% gives Empirical Formula
Au – Basic Spectra
Auger (AES) Information Depth
Auger Parameter
Auger Signals
Auger Spectra from XPS – Examples
Avantage
AVS Training Courses
© 2019, Copyrights
B – Basic Spectra
B. Vincent Crist
B. Vincent Crist – Founder
Background – Active Fitting
Background baseline
Background bulge
Background Endpoints
Background Endpoints
Background Noise
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Bad Data
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Bad Peak-fits Published in Journals – Explained
Bad Peak-fitting Example
Bad Peak-fitting Example – Ni (2p3)
Bad Peak-fitting or Good Peak-fitting
Bad Survey Spectra
Bagus Papers
BAM Standards
Band Gaps
Band Gaps from Spectra
Baselines for Peak-fitting (S, L, T)
Be – Basic Spectra
BE Calibration – History
BE Calibration Values
BE Lookup Table
BE RELIABILITY – VITAL
BE Reliability Problem
BE Table – Atomic # Order
Beam Alignment
Bi – Basic Spectra
bi-Carbonates
Biesinger SFs
Binary Oxides, 46 MB (*.sdp)
Block WooCommerce Plugins
Books
Borates
Borides
Br – Basic Spectra
BSI Standards
Bubble Chart for Peak-fitting
C – Basic Spectra
C. Richard Brundle
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Ca – Basic Spectra
Calculated IMFP Values
Calibration Checks – Validation
Calibration Metals
Capture of UHV Gases
Carbides
Carbon KLL Auger, 2 MB (*.sdp)
Carbonates
Carbonates from CO2
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CasaXPS
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Cd – Basic Spectra
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Ceramics Suppliers
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Chemical Shift
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Chemical State Definition
Chemical State Groups, 1 GB (*.vgd)
Chemical State Identification – BE Lookup Table – Ag to Zr
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Crist – Spectra Handbook – Metal Oxides
Crist – Spectra Handbook – The Elements & Native Oxides
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Crist Handbook Series – Parameters
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Crist Table of BEs & FWHMs
Crist Table of BEs & FWHMs
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Critical Review of NIST XPS BEs
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CSA Standards
Cu – Basic Spectra
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Due to Bremsstrahlung
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Er – Basic Spectra
ESCApe
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Examples of Bad Peak-fitting
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F – Basic Spectra
Fe – Basic Spectra
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Ge – Basic Spectra
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History of XPS
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In-Situ Treatments
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PDF Book of Polymers – Vol 4
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Peak-Shapes (G, L, V)
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