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  • Accuracy Limits – LiF as example
  • Anatomy / Features of Chemical State Spectra
  • Anatomy / Features of Survey Spectra
  • Chemical State Peak-fits – Examples
  • Chemical State Spectra – Overlays
  • Flood Gun Effect on Native Oxides
  • Free XPS Spectra – ISO 14976
  • FWHM for Peak-fitting Chemical Compounds
  • Gas Phase XPS
  • Ion Etched Elements – Capture UHV Gases
  • Literature Spectra (Reference Spectra)
  • Multiplet Splitting – Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu
  • Native Oxides – Examples
  • Native Oxide Spectra – BEs of C (1s) ?
  • Polymer Spectra
  • Pure Element Spectra – Principal Signals
  • Pure Element Spectra – Survey Scans
  • Pure Element Spectra – Survey Scans + Labels
  • Rare Earth Metals – Principle Signals
  • Sources of Spectra and Data-File Formats
    • Thermo K-Alpha XPS
  • Survey Spectra – Examples
  • Valence Band Spectra – Elements
    • Valence Band – Examples
  • Auger Spectra – Examples
• Background
  • Atom% & Shake-up
  • Background Endpoints
  • Background – Active Fitting
  • Background Subtraction-Removal
  • Background Width
  • Comparison of Background Types
  • Endpoint Averaging
  • Extrinsic Background
  • High BE Endpoint
  • Insulator Band Gap
  • Intrinsic Signal
  • Linear Background
  • Sherwood & Proctor Background
  • Shirley Background
  • Tougaard Background
  • Vegh Castle Salvi Background
• BE Calibration
  • *** BE CALIBRATION – RULES
  • BE Calibration Values
  • BE Calibration – History
  • BE Reliability Problem
  • Calibration Checks – Validation
  • Calibration Metals
  • Deposited Gold
  • Fermi Edge
  • International BE Calibration – IXIR
  • Ion Etching – Ag, Au, Cu
  • ISO BE Standards
  • Publishing XPS Data
  • SCE Values
  • X-ray Energies
• BE Tables
  • BE Table – Atomic # Order
  • Chemical State Identification – AgCl -ZrO2
  • Crist Table of BEs & FWHMs
  • Histogram Plots of NIST BEs
  • Periodic Table of Principal BEs
  • Summaries of NIST BEs
• Charging
  • Adventitious Carbon
  • Charge Compensation
    • Charge Compensation – M. Biesinger
  • Charge Control
  • Charge-Control Mesh-Screen
  • Charge Referencing
    • Charge Correction – M. Beisinger
  • Charge Referencing Problems
  • Deposited Gold
  • Differential Charging
  • Flood Gun Optimization & Alignment
  • Peak-Shapes (charging)
• Chemical States
  • Adventitious Carbon
  • Assigning Chemical States
  • BE Lookup Table
  • Charge Referencing
  • Chemical Shifts
  • Chemical State Definition
  • Chemical State Identification Tables – Ag to Zr
  • Chemical State Spectra
  • Crist Table of BEs & FWHMs
  • Deposited Gold
  • Energy Resolution – 2
  • From Auger Signals
  • From Survey Spectra
  • Hydrocarbon Carbon (not calibration)
  • Multiplet Splitting and BE Shifts
  • Multiplet Splitting
  • Overlaid Spectra – Examples
  • Overlapping Peaks
  • Pass Energies: 5-300 eV
  • Spin-Orbit Coupling
• Data
  • Bad Data
  • Bad Peak-fit Example
  • Bad Survey Spectra
  • Cheat-Sheet
  • Data Collection Settings
  • Data File Formats
  • Data Processing Steps
  • Data Quality
  • Extending Spectrum Range Benefits
  • Publishing XPS Data
  • Statistics
  • XPS Detection Limit
• Data Quality
  • **BE CALIBRATION – RULES
  • **Peak-Fitting – Facts, Rules & Guides
  • Accuracy
  • Bad Peak-fits
  • BE Scale Calibration
  • Chemical State Assignments
  • Energy Resolution (PE)
  • FWHMs – Peak-widths
  • GI-GO ?
  • Peak-fitting Results
  • Precision
  • RELIABILITY
  • Reliable BEs ?
  • Reliable Peak-fits ?
  • Repeatability
  • Reproducibility
  • Responsible
  • Signal-to-Noise (S/N)
• Features
  • Asymmetric tail
  • Auger Signals
  • Background baseline
  • Background bulge
  • Background noise
  • Background shapes for peak-fitting
  • Band Gaps from Spectra
  • Charging artifact
  • Chemical shift
  • Chemical state
  • Degradation
  • Energy loss peak
  • Fermi edge
  • Gaussian Lorentzian Peak-shapes
  • Intrinsic and Extrinsic Losses
  • Multiplet splitting
  • Noise
  • Overlapping peaks
  • Peak-shapes (G, L, V)
  • Plasmon loss peaks
  • Plasmon or Shake-up – Which?
  • Satellite Peaks?
  • Shake-up peaks
  • Spin-Orbit coupling
  • Trace level signals
  • Voigt Peak-shape
• FWHM Info
  • Core-Hole Lifetimes
  • Energy Resolution
  • FWHM for Peak-fitting Chemical Compounds
  • FWHM for Pure Metals – Mono and Non-Mono
  • FWHM vs Pass Energy
  • FWHM = Peak-width = Core-Hole Lifetime
  • Gaussian-Lorentzian Ratios
  • Natural FWHM
  • Pass Energies: 5-300 eV
  • Peak-Shapes (G, L, V)
  • Peak-Shape Tails
  • Peak-Shape Fit Example
  • s, p, d, f Peak-widths
  • X-ray Energies
• Peak-fit Models
  • *Peak-Fit Review Service – Free
  • Asymmetry – Al (2p) metal
  • Background Types
    • Endpoints & Averaging
    • Linear Background
    • Shirley Background
    • Tougaard Background
    • Vegh Background
  • Bad vs Good Peak-fits Explained
  • Bad Peak-fits Published in Journals– Explained
  • Bad Peak-fitting Example – Ni (2p3)
  • Complex Peak-fits Explained
  • Gaussian Lorentzian Models
  • Multiplet Splitting – 3s – orbitals
  • Multiplet Splitting – 2p – Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu
  • Multiplet Splitting – Rare Earths
  • Multiplet Splitting Calculated by P. Bagus
  • Noisy Data – Coal
  • Noisy Data – Ni metal
  • Overlapping Doublets – Sulfur
  • Peak Base and Top
  • Peak-Shapes (G, L, V)
  • Peak-Shapes – Example #1
  • Peak-fitting a Single O (1s) Peak
  • Peak Area Ratios – PET C (1s)
  • Pt overlaps Al – ratios
  • Pure Single Crystal – CaCO3 (Calcite)
  • Sb overlaps O – ratios
  • Shake-up – Metals
  • Shake-up – Organics
  • Smoothing – Bad vs OK
  • Super Coster-Kronig Effect
  • Synthetic Peaks
  • Too Many Peaks – O (1s) – native SiOx
  • Vibrational Bands – PE & PP
  • Which Peak-fit is Bad or Good ??
• Peak-fitting
  • **Peak-fitting – Facts, Rules & Guides
  • **Peak-fitting a Single O (1s) Peak – Easy!
  • **Peak-fitting MOVIES
  • **Plot Examples
  • Abbe Criterion
  • Advanced Peak-fitting Examples
  • Background Endpoints
  • Background Shapes for Peak-fitting
  • Bad Peak-fits Explained
  • BEs & FWHMs – Tables
  • Bubble Chart for Peak-fitting
  • Chemical State Spectra Peak-fits – Examples
  • Chi-Squared
  • Constrained Peak-fit
  • Curve-fitting = Peak-fitting
  • Energy Resolution – 2
  • FWHM Peak-width vs Pass Energy
  • Gaussian-Lorentzian Ratios
  • Multiplet Splitting
  • Overlapping Peaks
  • Pass Energies: 5-300 eV
  • Peak Area vs Background Endpoints
  • Peak-fit Quality
  • Peak-fitting Flow-Chart
  • Peak-fitting Guides
  • Peak-fitting Process – Examples
  • Peak-fitting Variables
  • Peak-Shapes (G, L, V)
  • Shirley Background
  • Simple Peak-fit Examples
  • Tougaard Backgound
• Quantification %s
  • *Accuracy Limits – LiF as example
  • *Quantification – Atom%s
  • Atom% gives Empirical Formula
  • Background
  • Calculated IMFPs, Scattering & Photoemission
  • EAL – Effective Attenuation Length
  • IMFP – Metal vs Metal Oxide
  • Integration Endpoints
  • Linear Background
  • Shirley Background
  • Tougaard Background
  • XPS Detection Limits
• Sample
  • Beam Alignment
  • Chemical Suppliers
  • Contamination
  • In-Situ Treatments
  • Ion Beam Etching
  • Ion Etching Variables
  • Ion Etch Rate Films
  • Photos of Samples
  • Reference Materials
  • Sample “specimen” Handling
  • Sample History
  • Sample Preparation Bench
  • Sample Preparation Methods
  • Sample Preparation Equipment
  • Sample Size, Shape & Form
  • Sample Storage
  • Suppliers – Single Xtals, Nano, 2D, Perovskites, Graphene
    • 2D Materials Suppliers
    • Graphene Materials
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    • Perovskite Suppliers
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  • X-ray Beam Size
• Software
  • *Spectra Data Processor – 1 yr free license
    • SDP v7 – Training Videos
  • AAnalyzer
  • Avantage
  • CasaXPS
  • ComPro
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  • Multi-Pak
  • MultiQuant
  • Quases
  • Sessa
  • TPP-2M IMFP Calculator
  • Unifit
  • Free Software
• XPS Labs
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• XPS Basics
  • Advantages of XPS
  • Basic Principles – PHI Handbook
  • Common Difficulties
  • Data Collection Settings
  • Data Processing Steps
  • Limits & Weaknesses
  • Physics of XPS
  • Wikipedia – XPS
  • XPS Detection Limits
• Advanced XPS
  • Charge Referencing
  • AR-XPS
  • Auger Parameter
  • Bagus Papers
    • Advanced Interpretation of XPS
  • Band Gaps
  • Capture of UHV Gases
  • Circular Dichroism in XPS
  • Depth Profiling
  • Electron Configuration – Orbitals
  • Electronic State Info
  • Environmental XPS
  • Experimental Details
  • Excited States
  • Final & Initial States
  • HAXPES
  • IMFP & AL
  • Imaging – Mapping
  • Initial & Final States
  • Ion Etch Rate Films
  • Ion Etch Rate Tables
  • Laser-XPS
  • One Electron Approximation
  • Photoelectron BE Diagrams
  • Photoemission Process
  • Quantification – Atom%s
  • Quantum Mechanics of XPS
  • Scattering Effects
  • Spin-Orbit Coupling
  • Tesla Coil Irradiation Effects
  • Thickness Estimates
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  • Transmission Function
  • Work Functions of Elements
  • XPS Theory
  • X-ray Data Booklet – LBL – PDF
• Application Notes
  • Common Applications
  • EAG Application Notes
  • Kratos Application Notes
  • Surface Science Western
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• Degradation
  • Degradation of Polymers
  • Degradation due to Flood Gun Electrons
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  • Degradation due to X-ray Flux
• Experts
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• Information Depth
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• Instrument
  • Inside View – Analysis Chamber
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  • X-ray Sources
• Journals
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  • Journal Editors
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  • XPS Journals
• Makers
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• NIST
  • *Publishing XPS Data
  • *XPS BEs – On-line Database – NIST
  • Histogram Plots of NIST BEs
  • Review of NIST XPS BEs
  • SRD 64 Electron Elastic Scattering
  • SRD 71 Electron IMFP Database
  • SRD 82 Electron EAL Database
  • Summaries of BE Tables – NIST
  • Wagner Book of XPS BEs (NIST)
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• Posters
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  • Physics & Theory
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  • Tables & Guides
  • Wall Charts & Wall Posters
• σ, SF, ASF, & RSF
  • *Quantification – Atom%s
  • *Table of Scofield σ, (RSFs)
  • Beisinger SFs – Wagner e-ASFs variation
  • Crist Inflection-Point SFs – Scofield variation
  • Kratos SFs – 1990 – Scofield
  • Plots Comparing SFs
  • Plots of Ulvac PHI e-ASFs
  • Scofield SFs – Al X-rays – Theoretical
  • Scofield SFs – Al X-rays – Crist Modified
  • Scofield SFs – Al X-rays – Thermo Modified
  • Thermo SFs – Scofield RSFs
  • Test of Scofield SFs
  • Ulvac-PHI e-ASFs – March 2002 – Wagner
  • Ulvac-PHI e-ASFs – Wagner variation
  • Wagner’s Original e-ASFs
  • Wagner e-ASFs – Al X-rays – MultiPak
  • Wagner e-ASFs – Al X-rays – PHI – Omni-5
  • Wagner e-ASFs – F (1s)=1.0 vs C (1s)=1.0
• Spectra-Bases #1
  • XPS (.SDP format) 7304 data-sets pwp
  • XPS (.VMS, .ISO, .TXT) 3177 data-sets pwp
  • XPS (.VGD) 7113 data-sets pwp
  • AES (.SDP, .NPL, .VMS) 2281 data-sets pwp
• Spectra-Bases #2
  • Binary Oxides, 46 MB (*.sdp)
  • Carbon KLL Auger, 2 MB (*.sdp)
  • Chemical State Groups, 1 GB (*.vgd)
  • Flood Gun ON – Native Oxides, 1 MB (plots)
  • Handbook Series, 34 MB (*.iso, *.vms)
  • HER Auger Spectra, 12 MB (*.sdp)
  • Industrial Goods, 67 MB (*.vgd)
  • Miscellaneous, 60 MB (*.txt)
  • Native Oxides, 16 MB, FG OFF (*.vgd)
  • Native Oxides FG ON-OFF, 5 MB (*.sdp)
  • NECSA-Bio Polymers, 2 MB (*.mrs)
  • Original S-Probe, 90 MB (*.mrs)
  • PHI Handbook Spectra, 6 MB (*.spe)
  • Polymers, 46 MB (*.sdp)
  • Rare Earth Materials, 36 MB (*.vgd)
  • S-Probe, 200 MB (*.mrs, ASCII)
  • Single Crystals, 240 MB (*.vgd)
  • TXL IP-eSF, 340 MB (*.vgd)
  • UHV Gas Capture, 1 MB (3D plots)
  • Valence Band, 3 MB (*.txt, *.sdp)
  • VG Eclipse Database, 9 MB (*.dts)
  • X-ray Degradation of Polymers, 1 MB (*.sdp)
  • XPS Simplified, 14 MB (*.vgd)
• Spectra Handbooks
  • Crist – Vol 1 – The Elements & Native Oxides
  • Crist – Vol 2 – Commercially Pure Metal Oxides
  • Crist – Vol 3 – Semiconductors
  • Crist – Vol 4 – Polymers
  • Crist – Vol 5 – RE Oxides, Carbonates, Hydroxides, Sulfides, Nitrides…
  • JEOL – Handbook of Spectra – Elements
  • Kratos – Polymers – PDF
  • PHI – Handbook of Spectra – Elements
  • Photos of XPS Handbooks
  • SurfaceSpectra – Polymers PDF
  • Wiley – Vol 1-3 -of Monochromatic XPS Spectra
• Sponsors
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• Standards
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• Surface Chemistry
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• Training
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• IXIR
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• TXL Members
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  • Contributing Editors
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• Useful Links
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